Essay about Toni Morrisons Literary Achievements - 693 Words

Toni Morrisons Literary Achievements In 1993 Toni Morrison joined the illustrious ranks of the Nobel Prize for Literature laureates as the ninetieth recipient, twentieth English-language author, eighth American, eighth woman, third black, and first African-American 1. Her mid-century predecessor William Faulkner (1897-1962) had just received the award in 1950 when Morrison (b. 1931) began writing her Master of Arts thesis on his work.2 Aside from both being Nobel laureates, this unlikely pair has, at first glance, little in common: Morrison, the college-educated daughter of a black Ohio shipyard welder, a key figure in the publishing and academic world; Faulkner, Southern son of aristocratic background, autodidact, reclusive†¦show more content†¦She is as great and as innovative as Faulkner and Garcia Marquez and Woolf. He also pointed to the particularity of her achievement as an African-American: Just two centuries ago the African-American literary tradition was born in slave narratives. Now our greatest writ er has won the Nobel Prize.6 No doubt Morrison was particularly pleased by the joy of the African-American women; in her acceptance speech she quotes a message on her answering machine from an artist friend: My dear sister, the prize that is yours is also ours and could not have been placed in better hands.7 The literary critic Barbara Christian, one of the first academics to write seriously about Morrisons work in the 1970s, extols her liberating sound: How fortunate to have lived at a time when we can dwell in, and heal, through her language! [...] to the African-American women, Toni Morrison had long since won a Nobel Prize.8 Toni MorrisonsShow MoreRelatedstudy on toni morrison Essay2402 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿A Study On Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye Ying-Hua,Liao Introduction Toni Morrison was the winner of the 1993 Nobel Prize for Literature. She is a prominent contemporary American writer devoted to the black literary and cultural movement. Her achievements and dedication to the promotion of black culture have established her distinguished status in American literature. Many critics applaud Toni Morrison’s artistic talent and contribution to American literature. Darwin T. Turner, for exampleRead MoreWell-known American Author Toni Morrison1182 Words   |  5 PagesToni Morrison (named Chloe Anthony Wofford at birth) was born in Lorain, Ohio, on February 18, in 1931, to Ramah (nà ©e Willis) and George Wofford. She is the second child of four in a middle-class family. As a child, Morrison read frequently; her favorite authors were Jane Austen and Leo Tolstoy. Morrisons father told her many folktales of the black community (something that would later be apart of Morrisons works). Morrison is a well known American author, editor, and professor who won the NobelRead MoreReview Of Khaled Hosseini s Kite Runner Essay1386 Words   |  6 Pagesother and violence that the author imposes on his characters. Violent clashes between characters, such as stabbings or shootings can illuminate issues between characters regarding love, ideology, money, or race among other things. Foster uses Toni Morrison’s Beloved as an example of violence that a character imposes on another, because in this work, an escaped slave kills her own daughter out of desperation to protect her from slavery. This act taken literally appears villainous and unbelievable,Read MoreElements of Postmodernism in Ishmael Reeds Mumbo Jumbo, Don Delillos White Noise, Toni Morrisons Beloved and Thomas Pynchons the Crying of Lot 496348 Words   |  26 Pagesconcepts and ideas. Perhaps the central achievement of postmodernism is the consideration of difference, an insistent attention to the local cultures and undervalued constituencies that modernisms exaltation of unity and grand narrative often obscured, which can easily be observed by reading and analyzing some of the most important works of American postmodern fiction . Works such as Ishmael Reeds Mumbo Jumbo, Don DeLillos White Noise, Toni Morrisons Beloved and Thomas Pynchons The CryingRead MoreMargaret Atwood Spotty Handed Villainesses1879 Words   |  8 PagesMARGARET ATWOOD: â€Å"SPOTTY-HANDED VILLIANESSES: PROBLEMS OF FEMALE BAD BEHAVIOUR IN THE CREATION OF LITERATURE† BUI CONTEXT Margaret Atwood is once of Canada’s best known literary composers. She is best known for her ability as an author of novels such as Alias Grace, Bodily Harm, Hairball, Rape Fantasies, and the highly acclaimed The Handmaid’s Tale, which was later made into a movie. These works establish her as a feminist writer, raising issues of women in literature, the difficulties associatedRead MoreReview Of Charlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre 10879 Words   |  44 Pagesas Bronte also struggled to come to terms with balancing her feelings and freedom. It has also been pointed out that Bertha Mason is Charlotte Bronte. Both did not get to go out, failed to find love, and expressed themselves in unorthodox ways. Literary Period: Victorian Produced: October 16, 1847 Published: Smith, Elder, and Co., Cornhill Country where written: England Setting Location: Gateshead, Lowood School, Thornfield, Moor House, and Ferndean Time Period: Early 1900s Weather if relevant TheRead MoreEudora Welty a Worn Path12166 Words   |  49 Pagesan appropriate setting for Weltys story of Phoenix Jackson? Find out about race relations in the United States, especially in Mississippi, during the early 1940s. Are these the same attitudes Welty depicts in A Worn Path? The journey has been a literary device since ancient Greek times when Homer wrote The Odyssey, How is Phoenix Jacksons walk through the woods similar to Odysseuss seven−year journey home after the Trojan War?  » Back to Table of Contents Media Adaptations A Worn Path wasRead MoreEudora Welty a Worn Path12173 Words   |  49 Pagesan appropriate setting for Weltys story of Phoenix Jackson? Find out about race relations in the United States, especially in Mississippi, during the early 1940s. Are these the same attitudes Welty depicts in A Worn Path? The journey has been a literary device since ancient Greek times when Homer wrote The Odyssey, How is Phoenix Jacksons walk through the woods similar to Odysseuss seven−year journey home after the Trojan War?  » Back to Table of Contents Media Adaptations A Worn Path was adapted

A Brief Note On Race And Gender, And The Family Medical...

Although issues relating to race and gender are what most people think of about diversity, the HR team must be more knowledgeable than just the obvious about diversity including additional legislation. For instance, the Age discrimination in Employment Act, the Americans with Disabilities Act, and the Family Medical leave Act are just a few of the legalities that HR needs to implement into their organization. Another consideration for HRM is modifications regarding recruitment strategy such as reaching out to historically black colleges as well as joining organizations that are exclusive to women. In order to stay compliant, they must develop distinctive record keeping to track affirmative action programs, which include analyses to support the company’s efforts to achieve diversity. Some states make diversity training mandatory, however, if this is not the case, HRM must still remain compliant with all applicable anti-discrimination legislation while remaining the leader in facilitating a culture where people from diverse backgrounds can work together harmoniously! Globalization has transformed society and has had its impact on diversity from the president of the free world, Barack Obama, changing the look of leadership from a middle aged white male to anyone can be president of the United States. Since the world has become intergrated, every business must embrace diversity in the workforce because it represents their customers and suppliers. â€Å"A diverse body ofShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management and Regulations1323 Words   |  5 Pagesemployees gender, race, color, religion, national origin, age, disability, status as a veteran or jury duty. Such dislike is considered prejudice. Thus, HR Managers must be especially cautious and sensitive when the terminated or soon-to-be terminated at-will employee is a member of a group which can be seen as vulnerable to discrimination in that particular environment. 2. Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (a brief overview is attached) The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act is relevantRead MoreBlack Lesbian And Gay Families7002 Words   |  29 Pagesmarriage for Black families. This article will discuss the available research on Black lesbian and gay families, highlighting both the strengths and challenges these families negotiate. Focusing on the resources Black lesbian and gay families provide to the Black community, such as foster parenting and adopting Black children, mentoring runaway and throwaway Black youth and leadership on Black social justice issues, this article will demonstrate the value of Black lesbian gay families towards the largerRead MoreIntimate Partner Violence ( Rdp ) Or Domestic Violence3392 Words   |  14 Pagesoverall health and well-being. IPV not only has acute effects but lifelong implications as well. It is not limited to one group but crosses all barriers, it has an effect on both genders, people of all ages, all races, all cultures, all educational levels and all socio-econ omical backgrounds. Although, IPV affects both genders, this paper will focus primarily on women. It will seek to examine the repercussions of IPV on the victim’s health as well as children exposed to IPV. This topic is important toRead MoreNcfe Level 2 Certificate in Equality and Diversity Unit 1: Exploring Equality and Diversity5977 Words   |  24 Pagesdiversity? Diversity means: Different Individuals Valuing Each other Regardless of Skin Intellect Talents or Years It is used to describe the differences between people, some we can see others we can’t Diversity can be differences in race, heritage, customs, belief systems, physical appearance, mental capabilities, etc. Diversity should be respected and valued because nobody is completely the same as anyone else, even within the categories above. 2. Describe the community you liveRead MoreEmployee Relations3245 Words   |  13 Pagesrelations between management and labour. External factors Pay and Reward – According to CIPD (2015), reward generally covers all financial provisions made to employees, including cash pay and the wider benefits package such as pensions and paid leave. Pay on the other hand is usually divided into two categories such as an employee’s base pay and their total earnings. The competition for better rewards in a booming market can result in employees demanding extra pay and benefits. However, anyRead MoreGender Pay Gap14271 Words   |  58 PagesIntroduction * Overview * Background * Current Situation * Outlook * Pro/Con * Chronology * Short Features * Maps/Graphs * Bibliography * The Next Step * Contacts * Footnotes * About the Author * * Comments | Gender Pay Gap | Are women paid fairly in the workplace? | March 14, 2008 †¢ Volume 18, Issue 11 | By Thomas J. Billitteri Introduction Former Goodyear manager Lilly Ledbetter won more than $3 million in a pay-discrimination suit against the tire firmRead MoreA Brief Note On Professional Judgements And Interventions2388 Words   |  10 Pagesdysfunctional beliefs, and increased their ability to carry out their daily roles. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is an intervention used to help participants accept themselves and their struggles and commit to change their negative thoughts. In a study done by Sheppard, Forsyth, Hickling, Bianchi (2010), 15 participants who had the diagnosis of MS were recruited to partake in two brief ACT workshops. Out of the 15, four withdrew from the study after the initial assessment. The participants wereRead MoreSSD2 Module 1 Notes31223 Words   |  125 Pagesï » ¿MODULE 01 NOTES SOP- STANDARD OPERING PROCEDURE Determine the SOP purpose and target audience for distribution. Uniforms Your reference will be Local Policy, AR 670-1 Leaves and Passes Your reference will be AR 600-8-10 Motor Stables Your reference will be DA Pam 750-1 Key Control Your reference will be AR 190-51, 190-11, 735-5 References Citations must be accurate and thorough-title, type, number, and date of publication; online links if appropriate; and identifying information for correspondenceRead MoreSociology Essay20437 Words   |  82 Pagesteaching context. No other rights are granted without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, of Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who commits any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. Published in 2010 by: Nelson Thornes Distance Learning Delta Place 27 Bath Road CHELTENHAM GL53 7TH United Kingdom 10 11 12 13 14 15 / 10 9Read MorePHL 612: Philosophy of Law5882 Words   |  24 Pagesalterations to the grading scheme includes: (a) discussing the changes with the class; (b) making such revisions as early as possible in the course; and (c) confirming the changes both orally and in writing (handout or posting to course website). NOTE: Faculty Course Surveys will be administered online Readings and Resources: There will be a Course Website on Blackboard. Course readings will be comprised of selected journal articles and court cases as specified in the Course Schedule. The

Causal Argument Analyzing the Causes of The 2011 NBA Lockout Essay Example For Students

Causal Argument: Analyzing the Causes of The 2011 NBA Lockout Essay In the American economy, capitalism is at the root of every major market; markets such as the textiles, healthcare, utilities, and sports entertainment. Professional basketball is a huge industry in the United States that many corporations and sports-lovers spend money on to watch and endorse. Devastating to many of the fans, the National Basketball Association (NBA) went into a lockout in 2011 because of the many economic issues that the league had been experiencing in the previous years. During a lockout, players cannot play, teams are not allowed to trade, sign or contact players, and many players do not get paid and cannot access NBA team facilities or staff. The 2011 NBA lockout was the fourth lockout in NBA history. The 2011 lockout started on July 1, 2011, and ended December 8, 2011, delaying the start of the NBA season by almost two months. Although many critics would argue that the 2011 NBA lockout was caused by the team owners’ greed and the professional players’ unwillingness to compromise, the main and most unbiased causes of the 2011 lockout were the expiration of the NBA’s collective bargaining agreement (CBA) that was set in 2005 and the great recession of 2007. Nonetheless, the team owners’ greed and the professional players’ reluctance to negotiate clashed and prolonged the NBA lockout period. In order for one to clearly understand the causes of the 2011 NBA lockout, we must first identify the implications of previous CBA contracts and negotiations. The previous National Basketball Association lockout in 1998 reduced the 1998-1999 NBA season by 32 games, from 82 to 50. However, the owners and players eventually came to an agreement and a new six-year collective bargaining agreement was accepted. The six year co. .ons that it would have on the sport. Given the financial hardships that the National Basketball Association was experiencing and the massive impact that the great recession had on the U.S. industries, it goes without say that the recession of 2007 changed the economics of the NBA and called for many financial reforms that would cause controversy among the team owners and the players; thus, leading to the NBA lockout of 2011. Works Cited Joshua. â€Å"What Caused the NBA Lockout.† Bettingbasketball.org. 11 Oct. 2011. Web. 16 Feb. 2012. Parlow, Matthew J., â€Å"The NBA and The Great Recession: Implications For the Upcoming Collective Bargaining Agreement Renegotiation.† Journals-College of Law. Depaul University, 2010. Web. 16 Feb. 2012. Zegers, Charlie. â€Å"NBA Lockout 101: the issues, the arguments, and the NBA’s uncertain future. † About.com. 2010. Web. 16 Feb. 2012

The Crucible Essays (904 words) - Salem Witch Trials, The Crucible

The Crucible The Crucible The Crucible written by Arthur Miller is a play that takes place in the sixteen nineties during the famous but tragic witch trials. The entire community is in pandemonium yet certain characters are also fighting internal conflicts of their own. Miller uses three characters who manifest this internal battle ever so clearly. Such as Mary Warren who whole personality turns upside down, John Proctor who contemplates between the importance of his family and his own name and Reverend Hale who battles with himself wether to carry out his job requirements or do what he knows is right. Mary Warren is a girl who is forced with this inner turmoil throughout this play. At the outset of the play she is perceived to be a very shy girl who will never speak her mind as shown when Proctor sends her home and she responds with I'm just going home. As the play continues and as she is influenced by Abigail, Mary begins to break this self induced mold and does what she wants. Mary Warren, along with many other girls gets caught up in the hype of getting all the attention and exercising power via initiating and adamantly continuing these witch trials. Finally John Proctor, the rationalist, shows that when people like Rebecca Nurse and Elizabeth Proctor who are the saintliest of people are accused of being witches, something must be wrong. Mary Warren has a difficult decision to make. She has realized that her whole way of life has been based on injustice. However, how can she extricate herself from Abigail and her friends, not to mention her new feelings of confidence. Mary decides to speak out against Abigail and the others for their false accusations and said that she tried to kill me numerous times. Yet as she does this heroic act of overcoming her old reality, Abigail pretends that Mary is also a witch using the poppets against her. Mary is now faced with yet another grueling internal conflict: to do what she knows is right and probably die for it, or to return to her old ways. Mary succumbs to Abigails hypnosis and accuses John Proctor of forcing her to lie. Clearly the battle which Mary faced from the very beginning was enormous. John Proctor a farmer and village commoner similarly is faced with an inner turmoil. He has committed adultery and had absolutely no intentions of joining in the witch trials unless his pregnant wife were to also get involved. After his wife got involved and eventually was set free due to the fact that she was pregnant feels that he can't accept this. Proctor is a good and noble man and because of this he believes at first he can't be hanged and die a martyr when he has this sin blooming over him every waking moment . John later says to Elizabeth that My honesty is broke, Elizabeth; I am no good man. Nothing's spoiled by giving them this lie that were not rotten long before and rather confess then die for something he flat out didn't do. However, as John confesses, he can not allow Danforth to make it officially documented. As Danforth asks him why John answers with a cry because it is my name. Because I cannot have another in my life . . . How may I live without my name? Have given you my soul; leave me my name(. John feels strongly about having a good name and not dying with a bad one. Proctor weighs both sides of his internal conflict and realizes that he must not make another mistake. He therefore, prescribes himself to death, not for his own sake, but rather for the sake of the others. As John dies Liz weeps saying He have his goodness now. God forbid I take it away. Another internal conflict is evident in Reverend Hale who initiates these problems. At first Reverend Hale is sure about his belief that there are witches and feels that he is carrying out the desires of God himself. Yet as the play moves on and Hale sees all these honest and good people being sentenced and executed he too sees an inner conflict. He contemplates whether to do what he is sent to

Reduction of Fire

Reduction of Fire Introduction Fire brigade or fires and rescue services entangle private and public organisations that give fire-fighting services coupled with rescue services from dangers associated with fire. These organisations provide services within a particular jurisdiction area such as county or municipality.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Reduction of Fire-associated Deaths Since 1977 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These areas of jurisdiction are termed as districts of fire protection. Every fire brigade has within its jurisdiction a number of firefighting stations equipped with fire-fighting equipments, volunteer firefighters, and or career firefighters. Other services that are provided by the fire brigade are protection from dangers of fire or inferno prevention services. While administering these services, firefighters visit various homes to offer advice on fire safety precautions, install fire, smoke detection devices , and alarms. In America, amid consideration of fire brigade services as being critical in helping put fire out in the attempt to save property, they are also perceived to be essential in helping save lives of the American population. From this perspective, the purpose of this paper is to present a report on the fire statistics in the U.S besides presenting the roles of fire brigades in the U.S in managing risky situations involving inferno dangers. Fire statistics There are two main situations involving fire that may cause death. These are smoke inhalation and burns produced by fire. In the U.S, according to National fire protection association (2012) â€Å"death certificates show a 2-to-1 ratio of smoke inhalation to burns for fire deaths overall, while fire incident reports show an 8-to-1 ratio for home fire deaths† (Para.1). In total, burns combined with smoke inhalation account for a quarter of all deaths produced by fires. In particular, with regard to National fire pro tection association (2012), in 1999, â€Å"smoke inhalation fire deaths outnumbered burn deaths in fires by roughly 3-to-1 in death certificates† (Para.1). The gap between these two has continued to expand with time. Even though these statistics indicate that smoke inhalation and burns are critical causes of deaths recorded on death certificates in the U.S., it is paramount to report that coding approaches deployed in the deaths certificate in the years preceding 1999 only accommodated one lethal condition.Advertising Looking for report on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This implies that, where a case of death emanating from a combination of smoke inhalation and burns was encountered, it could only be coded as one caused either purely by smoke inhalation or purely by burns. However, after changing the coding approaches, National fire protection association (2012) reports, â€Å"It was now possible to categorise deaths as involving both burns and smoke inhalation, smoke inhalation but not burns, burns but not smoke inhalation, one or more conditions but not smoke inhalation and not burns† (Para.3). The statistics for fire-associated deaths during 1994 to 2007 are shown graphically below in figure 1. Figure 1: shares of fire deaths by smoke inhalation or burns Source: National fire protection association From figure 1, it is clear that, between 1994 and 2007, smoke inhalation and burns have been key contributors to fire associated deaths. Fires brigades have and are still endeavouring to reduce these causes of death through rapid responses should incidences of fire are reported within their areas of jurisdiction. Fatal fire incidences can be divided into three groups: vehicle fires, structure fires, and outside fires or other fires. In this end, vehicle and structure fires stand as the single most dangerous courses of deaths in the U.S.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Reduction of Fire-associated Deaths Since 1977 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Precisely, according to Michael and Karter (2011), the â€Å"U.S. fire departments responded to an estimated 1,331,500 fires resulting to 3,120 civilian fire fatalities, 17,720 civilian fire injuries, and an estimated $11,593,000,000 in direct property loss† (p. i). Of all these losses, structure fires accounted for 36 percent of the total deaths whereas vehicle fires took a critical share of 16 percent while other fires took the lion’s share of 48 percent. Nevertheless, since 1977, the fire brigades in the U.S have played incredible roles in ensuring that the general trend of fire-associated deaths reduces. This trend is shown in figure 2 below. From the line graph, it can be seen that although the trend in reduction of the fire deaths never follows an exponential decay curve to imply that, at some time in the future, almost zero fire-associated deaths would be recorded. The rate of reduction is substantive. This reduction may be associated with the improvement of medical aid and better medical care for bodily injuries associated with fires since 1977 when the first data was available. Nevertheless, it could be impossible to avail the victims of fire to the healthcare facilities for the medical attention services to be offered if the fire brigades did not respond both speedy and with efficiency. The factors that may contribute to this improved efficiency are the concern of the next section of this report. Source: EvartsAdvertising Looking for report on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Factors contributing to development of the capacity of fire brigades to respond to fires rapidly The firefighting task has undergone substantial positive development, which may be argued as being the chief contributor to the continuous reduction of deaths associated with fires’ smoke and burns since 1977. These developments are evidenced by both the deployment of new approaches in management of the fire brigades by organisations and the deployment of new technological interventions in fire detection and control by the brigades. The detection and control gadgets include infrared detectors and structure-installed fire extinguishers. Infrared detectors are installed in buildings to detect smoke. Once excited, the detector switches on a fire alert alarm, which promotes either automatic operation of the in-house fire extinguishers or raises the attention of the structures’ occupants to move strategically to locations of the extinguishers in the attempt to enhance preparedne ss to control the fire. Other contributors of enhanced fire control are the deployment of technology to enhance fire control logistics. In addition, it is important to report that, in the new measures to deal with deaths associated with fires, the task of fire control is principally not left to the career personnel specialising in this discipline. Rather, community is involved in the process. The concept of retained firefighting is one of the best examples of the new approaches in enhancing both fire dangers preparedness and control should fires occur. In this context, Fire and Rescue NSW (2011) reckons, â€Å"becoming a retained firefighter for Fire and Rescue NSW will give you the chance to make a real and worthwhile contribution to the community in which you live† (Para. 1). This implies that people who become retained firefighters are accorded a chance to interact besides offering an aid to various people. The fact that, in the retained firefighting, people are not left o ut on the accounts of being employed elsewhere implies that the concept is central to the concerns of incorporation of the entire community in managing and helping to control fires. This argument is amplified by the fact that, when one enrolls as retained firefighter, he or she has the flexibility of time since he or she may either work on ‘on call’, fulltime, or even on part time basis. Arguably, therefore, the main concern of encouraging people to join fire brigades as retained firefighters rests on the idea of ensuring that numerous people in the community acquire firefighting and prevention skills. This assumption holds weight especially upon considering that retained firefighters are charged with a number of things. These include â€Å"extinguishing fires, engaging in community education, fire prevention activities and taking effective action at rescue and hazardous material incidents and assisting other emergency services as required† (Fire and Rescue NSW 2 011, Para. 2). Central to prevention of fire strategies rests the fires and safety standards. According to Fire Safety Advice Centre (2012), these include â€Å"codes of practice, and other guidance to support fire legislation standards, which offer information about the main fire safety legislation and documents, as well as hopefully helpful general fire safety advice† (Para.2). Creating massive awareness of these safety legislations can reduce the incidences of fire-associated deaths in an amicable way. This can be enlaced through encouragement of people to join retention firefighting on voluntary basis. Conclusion and recommendations This paper reports an immense success in the reduction of fire-associated deaths since 1977 when the first data on such deaths was available. This has been done through consideration of both statistics and trends in the number of deaths related to fire as recorded in death certificates as either smoke inhalation or burns. Adoption of technolog y and new concepts of fire prevention and control such as retention firefighting is recommended by the report as a subtle way of continuing the trend of reduction in the number of deaths associated with fires. References Evarts B. 2011, Trends and patterns of U.S fire losses. Web. Fire and Rescue NSW 2011, Retained firefighters. Web. Fire Safety Advice Centre 2012, The Fire Safety Advice Centre. Web. Michael, J. Karter, J. 2011, Fire losses in the United States during 2010. Web. National Fire protection association 2012, fatal effects of fire. Web.

Julius Caesars Rise to Power in the Roman Republic

Julius Caesars Rise to Power in the Roman Republic By the time of the First Triumvirate, the republican form of government in Rome was already on its way to monarchy. Before you get to the three men involved in the triumvirate, you need to know about some of the events and people that led to it: During the era of the late Republic, Rome suffered through a reign of terror. Terrors tool was a new one, the proscription list, by which large numbers of important, wealthy people, and often senators, were killed; their property, confiscated. Sulla, Roman dictator at the time, instigated this carnage: Sulla now busied himself with slaughter, and murders without number or limit filled the city. Many, too, were killed to gratify private hatreds, although they had no relations with Sulla, but he gave his consent in order to gratify his adherents. At last one of the younger men, Caius Metellus, made bold to ask Sulla in the senate what end there was to be of these evils, and how far he would proceed before they might expect such doings to cease. We do not ask thee, he said, to free from punishment those whom thou hast determined to slay, but to free from suspense those whom thou hast determined to save.Although when we think of dictators we think of men and women who want enduring power, a Roman dictator was: A legal officialDuly nominated by the SenateTo handle a major problem,With a fixed, limited term. Sulla had been dictator for longer than the normal period, so what his plans were, as far as hanging onto the office of dictator went, were unknown. It was a surprise when he resigned from the position of a Roman dictator in 79 B.C. Sulla died a year later. The confidence which he reposed in his good genius... emboldened him... and though he had been the author of such great changes and revolutions of State, to lay down his authority....Sullas reign drained the Senate of power. The damage had been done to the republican system of government. Violence and uncertainty allowed a new political alliance to arise. Beginning of the Triumvirate Between the death of Sulla and the beginning of the 1st Triumvirate in 59 B.C., 2 of the wealthiest and most powerful remaining Romans, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (106-48 B.C.) and Marcus Licinius Crassus (112-53 B.C.), grew increasingly hostile to each other. This wasnt simply a private concern since each man was backed by factions and soldiers. To avert civil war, Julius Caesar, whose reputation was growing because of his military successes, suggested a 3-way partnership. This unofficial alliance is known to us as the 1st triumvirate, but at the time was referred to as an amicitia friendship or factio (whence, our faction). They divvied up the Roman provinces to suit themselves. Crassus, the capable financier, would receive Syria; Pompey, the renowned general, Spain; Caesar, who would soon show himself to be a skilled politician as well as a military leader, Cisalpine and Transalpine Gaul and Illyricum. Caesar and Pompey helped cement their relationship by Pompeys marriage to Caesars daughter Julia. End of the Triumvirate Julia, the wife of Pompey and daughter of Julius Caesar, died in 54, passively breaking the personal alliance between Caesar and Pompey. (Erich Gruen, author of The Last Generation of the Roman Republic argues against the significance of the death of Caesars daughter and many other accepted details of Caesars relations with the Senate.) The triumvirate further degenerated in 53 B.C., when a Parthian army attacked the Roman army at the Carrhae and killed Crassus. Meanwhile, Caesars power grew while in Gaul. Laws were altered to suit his needs. Some senators, notably Cato and Cicero, were alarmed by the weakening legal fabric. Rome had once created the office of tribune to give the plebeians power against the patricians. Among other powers, the tribunes person was sacrosanct (they couldnt be harmed physically) and he could impose a veto on anyone, including his fellow tribune. Caesar had both tribunes on his side when some members of the senate accused him of treason. The tribunes imposed their vetoes. But then the senate majority ignored the vetoes and roughed up the tribunes. They ordered Caesar, now charged with treason, to return to Rome, but without his army. Julius Caesar returned to Rome with his army. Regardless of the legitimacy of the original treason charge, the tribunes had vetoed, and the disregard for the law involved in violating the tribunes sacrosanctity, the moment Caesar stepped across the Rubicon river, he had, in legal fact, committed treason. Caesar could either be convicted of treason or fight the Roman forces sent to meet him, which Caesars former co-leader, Pompey, led. Pompey had the initial advantage, but even so, Julius Caesar won at Pharsalus in 48 B.C. After his defeat, Pompey fled, first to Mytilene, and then to Egypt, where he expected safety, but instead met his own death. Julius Caesar Rules Alone Caesar next spent a few years in Egypt and Asia before returning to Rome, where he began a platform of reform. Julius Caesar granted citizenship to many colonials, thus widening his base of support.Caesar granted pay to Proconsuls to remove corruption and gain allegiance from them.Caesar established a network of spies.Caesar instituted a policy of land reform designed to take power away from the wealthy.Caesar reduced the powers of the Senate so as to make it an advisory council only. At the same time, Julius Caesar was appointed dictator for life (in perpetuity) and assumed the title of imperator, general (a title given ​to a victorious general by his soldiers), and pater patriae father of his country, a title Cicero had received for suppressing the Catilinarian Conspiracy. Although Rome had long abhorred a monarchy, the title of rex king was offered him. When the autocratic Caesar rejected it at the Lupercalia, there were grave doubts about his sincerity. People may have feared he would soon become king. Caesar even dared to put his likeness on coins, a place suitable for the image of a god. In an effort to save the Republic although some think there were more personal reasons 60 of the senators conspired to murder him. On the Ides of March, in 44 B.C., the senators stabbed Gaius Julius Caesar 60 times, beside a statue of his former co-leader Pompey. Sources (www.herodotuswebsite.co.uk/roman/essays/1stTriumvirate.htm) How and why did the so-called First Triumvirate come into being? Suzanne Cross: [web.mac.com/heraklia/Caesar/gaul_to_rubicon/index.html]Gaul to the Rubicon The Rise of Julius Caesar www.republic.k12.mo.us/highschool/teachers/tstephen/ 07/13/98

Experiences and Benefits of Profound Experiential Education Essay

Experiences and Benefits of Profound Experiential Education - Essay Example The paper tells that when personal well-being is on the line people tend to lay differences aside to cooperate. At the accomplishment of a particular task, some would revert to introverted behavior while others would revel in the victory. Nevertheless, the threat of discomfort as caused by natural consequences is one good motivator to help people who are not such team players get into the habit of becoming an integral part of a group effort. We learned how to communicate effectively. Again, the impetus for the preservation or accusation of creature comforts often motives people who are not so inclined toward effective communication to delve past their own insufficiencies in language and non-verbal behavior. Those who are given to meaningless small talk in daily society find that perpetual commentary on their own thought patterns is radically unnecessary. Those who are given to silence find that in order to negotiate the path of least resistance toward a goal they must speak up from t ime to time. This is the nature of nature. It tends to bring about certain survival behaviors while quelling those that are not so helpful to individual survival. We learned to respect each other's individuality. We differed in origins. We differed in personalities. We differed physically. We differed in knowledge. We differed in skills.

Political Views of Martin Luther King and Friedrich A.Hayek Essay

Political Views of Martin Luther King and Friedrich A.Hayek - Essay Example People needed to be actively democratic especially then, since the barriers of racial segregation were being broken down. Desegregation to him was shallow and empty, and integration was the ultimate goal. To him, â€Å"Integration is a genuine intergroup, an interpersonal doing† (King, 118). Therefore, desegregation is a means towards integration. Integration to him was everyone’s right by the nature of him being human. According to Martin, life demanded freedom. Denial of freedom was denial of life itself. This is first the capacity to weigh and deliberate alternatives, make one’s own decisions and be responsible for one’s own action. He argued that a person’s nature of life is altered when he is denied his freedom, because freedom is a basis for a person’s life (King, 121). Martin Luther King Jr. said Americans should realize that the burden placed upon Negro citizens was the inability to vote. According to him, the right to vote was a powe rful tool for change. He suggested that there should be a law allowing all people to vote and that literacy tests should be abolished especially in areas where education was inferior and in a poor state. Purpose, which was the only way to acquire change politically, socially and economically, could only be attained by understanding power properly. He suggested that the solution to fight poverty was to eliminate it directly through guaranteed earnings. This, according to him, can be done through the creation of full time employment and incomes. Additionally, people must be made consumers in one way or another. The belief here is that when poverty is eliminated, other problems like housing will also be eliminated. Friedrich August Von Hayek is also a Nobel Memorial Prize winner, and a renowned... This essay describes main political beliefs of Martin Luther King and Friedrich A. Hayek, whose ideas greatly influenced liberal arts development. Martin Luther King Jr. thought, that Americans should realize that the burden placed upon Negro citizens was the inability to vote. The right to vote was a powerful tool for change. He suggested that there should be a law allowing all people to vote. He suggested that the solution to fight poverty was to eliminate it directly through guaranteed earnings. This, according to him, can be done through the creation of full time employment and incomes. The belief here is that when poverty is eliminated, other problems like housing will also be eliminated. According to Martin, life demanded freedom. Denial of freedom was denial of life itself. This is first the capacity to weigh and deliberate alternatives, make one’s own decisions and be responsible for one’s own action. Friedrich A. Hayek believed, that a free society calls for general rules that predict and constrain coercive powers of individuals and the government. Individuals are also empowered to develop and follow their own life plans.Friedrich examines contemporary policies such as taxation, healthcare, social security, housing, natural resources, urban planning and education in the same light of principles developed in his earlier studies. Friedrich opposes policies that aim at wealth redistribution or social justice, and is very willing for the government to provide an immense range of social services.

Formal assessment & Austin (1991) Essay Example for Free

Formal assessment Austin (1991) Essay Formal assessment has been described by Austin (1991) as a process of â€Å"gathering information and utilization of that that information for individual and institutional improvement (p. 2). The information gathered may include the students’ weakness and strengths in certain subjects’ areas. Emphasis in formal assessments is focused on the results of a standardized evaluation tests that are administered under strict and regulated environments. However, that information is very important for student since they are able to know how well they are progressing and measures to undertake to deal with their weaknesses. Assessment forms an important component of teaching and leaning that has a greater impact on student learning (Saliu 271). Saliu goes on to demonstrate that assessment should be able to measure the criterion for which it was intended while maintaining consistence at the same time (271). This paper will discuss major components of formal learning which include reasons for assessing and administering tests to students, relevant formal assessments that may be administered, advantages and disadvantages of each particular assessment. I will however, put forward some recommendations on what the teacher and institution needs to pay attention to in order to achieve the objectives of formal assessment. Reasons for assessing and administering testing to students The main reason for administering assessment is to monitor the student’s progress in learning as compared to other students of the same age or level (Wilson and Scalise 11). Assessments results are useful in screening and making decision on the level of qualifications to base career growth activities. The results are very useful to the curriculum developers and syllabus preparation by both governments and institutions (Council of Europe 6). Results provide a good guide for program or course evaluation since it presents the information in form of scores. The results obtained are used by local and federal departments’ in policy formulation and implementation. Formal assessment should be viewed as a tool that can be used to measure the level at which students receives information from the teacher rather than just giving of grades 1 to 5 (Saliu 272). Moreover, formal test can give valuable information regarding a student progress in mastering the subject content of a particular course at certain levels of study. The results offers a good insight to the teacher when organizing the materials and content for students to lean at comfortable pace yet achieving at their best level possible (Saliu 272). Clearly delimited results are very useful in facilitating students to focus their time and energy towards self improvement . The information obtained from standard test is very useful in deciding a student’s career interests and future goals. The assessment report should be able to reflect a student’s goals and give a clear indication on which areas need help. Motivation is an affective factor in formal assessment which propels the teacher to be devoted towards helping students to learn (Wiggins 38). The teacher gets encouraged after seen students pass well in the subject or course given to students by that teacher (Fitzpatrick and Michael 101). Students get to care about their learning and seek to improve on their weaker areas after the results are released. When a teacher is encouraging and appears to be responsive to students’ feeling, students respond by becoming very constructive and enthusiastic towards achieving higher scores (Weeden, Winter and Broadfoot 4). The information obtained from formal assessments may guide the teacher to group the students in a way that they can help each other hence creating a class relationship that supports learning process. There is a sense of self acceptance created by students admitting difficulties. This forms a healthy atmosphere for learning from peers (Saliu 273). Grading in formal assessments provide documented information of what a particular student learnt which is useful in job application and academic advancement admissions (Saliu 273). Despite being crucial widely applied by all leaning institutions, grading has several shortcomings which have been put forward by critics. An example of critics includes Wilson and Scalise (2006) held a view that grading does not have a match with the effort students put in answering examination questions. The ultimate grading does not allow the feedback by the students since it denies them the opportunity to review their work after a formal examination. Moreover, students do not get useful comments upon which they can build future progress on their work- those comments are destroyed with their poor grades (Weeden, Winter and Broadfoot 6). When feedbacks finally are given by the examiners it is either very shallow for instant a single line comment or so late since students may have moved to another grade. Evaluation of the learner’s performance has been difficult for instance marking open-ended questions in standard exam papers (Wilson and Scalise 11). Since individual needs of students cannot be met fully by teachers, limited opportunities for the learner’s growth to realize quality results dominate. To make it worse, inability of all pupils to produce good hand written work hence true reflection in scores limit the learners capacity to acquire more knowledge and to develop deeper understanding of the subject involved. These make it difficult for the pupils to be plausibly and effectively answer or tackle examination questions (Weeden, Winter and Broadfoot 8). No effective follow-up can be done by students who might be interested in enhancing their academic performance (Wilson and Scalise 11). Grading in formal assessment has failed to accurately give students’ strength and weakness to the teacher since it does not give adequate time. Nevertheless, it is not flexible both in terms of content to be tested and level of ability of each student (Weeden, Winter and Broadfoot 12). If we consider a grade of â€Å"2† in philosophy of education course awarded, it will only say that a student learned a great deal of the information but it will no show what content was or was not mastered (Wilson and Scalise 12) Teachers form the majority of assessors of students’ learning for formal assessments. Students can also test their work and test that of their peers and provide an immediate feedback for improvement. The test can be administered by other external examiners such as Standard Aptitude Tests (SAT) (Council of Europe 8). Assessment may be administered at any time of student leaning but it has to be regulated if its purpose is to achieve a defined set standard. The nature of an assessment is determined by the type of cohort of students and upon the need for assessing. The content of what to asses should entirely be guided by the desired end results and the application of those results (Weeden, Winter and Broadfoot 5). Pros and cons of deferent forms formal assessment Formal assessment may take different dimensions according to where it is administered and the target group. Tests may be in form of standard set examinations which are mainly norm-referenced. Formal assessment may also include examinations designed locally by a faculty to offer an objective or subjective assessment (Council of Europe 9). Standardized exams are administered to a specific group which is entirely structured in a multiple-choice question (objective) or descriptive questions (subjective) in one subject area. The results are compared with a set standard (reference). It is applied to students in a given program, course or a level. The main advantage of standard set examination is that it can be adopted view quickly and its implementation is quite easy. It reduces the faculty time requirements in tools design, development and grading (Council of Europe 9). Norm-referenced assessment gives objective scores which provides for generalizations of the results with other student in other places or times. It provides a reference group that is required by the faculty or the testing body. Another benefit of standard test is its application by state or national standards exist for a given discipline or profession such as accountancy, medicine among others (Saliu 273). May be beneficial or required in instances where state or national standards exist for the discipline or profession. It can be applied in comparing the levels of knowledge across several institutions (Astin 3). There are several shortcomings that are associated with this form of assessment. One of the major disadvantages of standard tests according to Wilson and Scalise is that, it has a limit of what it can measure in during testing time (636). It is a culprit of the elimination of the proper process of learning by not reflecting what a student has actually learnt in a given program or course. It may not be able to completely evaluate a particular objective of an entire course (Council of Europe 9). Since most standardized tests are done at the end of a course or program, they fail to provide relevant feedback to both the teacher and the student which would otherwise be used to motivate the student learning. The tests can neither determine a student’s progress on a daily basis nor the achievements in varying periods (Hart 17). They cannot also effectively evaluate the knowledge of a specific course content area which keeps on changing such as social sciences. Another demerit of standardized achievement tests arises due to the administration of multiple-choice tests which pose a grater potential error of guessing the correct answer. (Saliu 243). It only provides a summary evaluation of few parts of whole course. The outcomes may not have direct deductions for course improvement or that of an individual student’s advancement. The results are highly liable to misinterpretation by the teacher or other interested parties such as admitting institutions and employers. Since majority of these tests are commercialized someone (student or program) have to pay to obtain them. When pressure is so much pressed on the passing the tests, the teacher may be forced to teach to the test and not the development of the student skills (Council of Europe 9). A single test is not perfect in providing enough information that ensures a complete assessment. Different tests on a particular subject at deferent times provide almost different information on a student. Locally developed exams can be beneficial since its content and mode is inclined to specific objectives and students’ features of the course or program (Wiggins 37). It can establish specified criteria for measuring performance associated with to curriculum. It can be useful in the development of relevant process of learning of particular group of students. A more localized grading system by faculty can provided a speedy feedback mechanism for teaching betterment. The teacher will have a greater control over the analysis and use of the results in improving students leaning processes and course materials (Wiggins 38). However, locally developed tests require a substantial coordination more so throughout the phases of design and development (Fitzpatrick and Michael 101). It may not provide a basis for cross-institutional comparisons for students in same level of study. These particular tests are time consuming on side of the teacher since they require a lot of attention and effort in designing and administering. In order to provide validity and reliability in these tests an expert may be required expertise in accurate measurement (Council of Europe 11). It may not provide the element associated with the external comparison in relation to other institutions offering similar course or program. Performance appraisals are another form of formal assessments that can be administered to measure competency of acquired skills in a real world situation (Burke 29). They are set standards that seek to evaluate students in a specific class or level (Hart 74). They are credited to providing a relatively direct measure of what has been learned rather than taught in a program or course (Ryan 290). They are mostly preferred to other methods of measuring since they are able to evaluate the application skills learnt in specific settings. They are in tandem with aims of professional training programs and fields which have well specified skill development programs (Ryan 290). Nevertheless, performance appraisals have their share of limitations which include high costs associated with effort and time consumption. Their grading are mostly more subjective than other formal assessments (Fitzpatrick and Michael 118). The sample of performance appraised might not as well be the typical of the student since it might have been triggered by the presence of appraiser. An aptitude test forms yet another important form of formal assessment. An aptitude test has the advantage of measuring the level of knowledge that a student already possess before entering a grade level or a program (Fitzpatrick and Michael 118). This provides the teacher with prior information on the likelihood of a students degree of performance and success in the class. It will determine the information which a student already has compared to set norms. This will further illustrate the level of learning for a particular student which comes in handy when designing individualized instructions (Fitzpatrick and Michael 118). The teacher will have no difficulties in giving advanced instruction for those students that are gifted while at the same time giving a remedial assistance to those who need help. Since modern education is taking learner-centered approach, results of aptitude test provide relevant information that can teachers use to group students for effective cognitive learning. The results are applied in determining when a student develops a learning disability (Council of Europe 12). Aptitude tests face some challenges and limitations that are usual to test. They are limited to measuring students’ capacity to learn new projects and accomplishments. The results do not reflect on the skills or knowledge that students have had no previous training (Fitzpatrick and Michael 118). Since information obtained from an aptitude test gives skills and knowledge students had already acquired in past, it fails to guide the teacher on the application of future instruction. Teacher involvement in formal assessment Recommendations for reducing the shortcoming of formal assessments lie heavily on the teacher and the entire institution involvement in setting exam questions and administration of the examinations. The teacher should choose a test very carefully that will match with the requirements of a course or a program (Council of Europe 28). The teacher should review information on previous sample of performances to ensure the test’s reliability and validity from test publishers. The faculty should engage experts to review the previous summary reports of similar exam results in creating a more updated report for the faculty (Fitzpatrick and Michael 118). The teacher is not supposed to teach to exam otherwise the results would be compromised. The instructor or teacher should be involved in grading systems that focus more emphasis on the feed forward. The institutions should make sure that standardized tests are marked and the papers that can be returned are done in time increase the feedback flow. The grading system should be focused on the offering a true picture of what has been mastered and what has not fully mastered. There should be model answers drawn from others student solutions to provide those who have failed with a way of what was expected of them (Saliu 274). A syndicate with other institutions which have similar objectives in testing can be formed to reduce the costs of developing instruments and to provide an element of externality. The exams department should incorporate outside experts to provide relevant input for development and grading system (Fitzpatrick and Michael 118). In order to reduce the shortcomings associated with performance appraisals training for appraisers should be provided so that they are able to stick to specified criteria (Wiggins 38). It is imperative to alter criteria till acceptable consistency of measurement is reached for testing in multiple situations. Since the result of performance appraisal cannot be used alone to grade a student, Ryan (1994) suggested that results should be cross-validated with other measures of performance (290). Formal assessment includes undertaking fixed, regulated and standardized tests. Grading forms a major part of measurement for mastery of content. Although grading in standard tests is a norm accepted everywhere, it its shortcomings. There are several reasons for formal assessment and standard testing which include monitoring students’ progress, comparing the results with peer; it also provides a measure of level of student knowledge. When the assessment is done appropriately, it can be a source of both the student and teacher motivation. It can create trust among the students and teacher. The component of grading has been an issue of hated debate due to its inadequacy to address all areas of students’ learning. Grades are issued but they cannot be rectified since the doors are closed immediately after results are released. Standard tests, locally developed tests, aptitude tests and performance appraisal are major shapes taken by formal assessment. Although formal assessment provides a standard measure for evaluation of learning among students of a particular cohort or group, it fails to give comprehensive ability of a student. Works Cited Astin, Alexander W. Assessment for Excellence: The Philosophy and Practice of Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education. Portsmouth: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1991. Burke, Kay, ed. Authentic Assessment: A Collection. Illinois: Skylight Training and Publishing, Inc. , 1992. Council of Europe. Common European Framework of Reference fo Languages: Learning Teaching, Assesment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. , 2001. Fitzpatrick, Jody L. and Morris Michael. Current and Emerging Ethical Challenges in Evaluation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1999. Hart, Diane. Authentic Assessment: A Handbook for Educators. . New York: Addison-Wesley, 1994. Ryan, Alan G. Towards Authentic Assessment in Science via STS. Bulletin of Science, Technology Society (1994): 290. Saliu, Sokol. Constrained Subjective Assessment of Student Learning. Journal of Science Education and Technology (2005): 271-284. Weeden, Paul, Jan Winter and Patricia Broadfoot. Assessment. New York: Routledge, 2002. Wiggins, Grant. The Case for Authentic Assessment. ERIC Digest (1990). Wilson, Mark and Kathleen Scalise. Assessment to Improve Learning in Higher Education: The BEAR Assessment System. Higher Education (2006): 635-663.

Compare and contrast the views of Autumn in Ted Hughes’s There Came A E

Compare and contrast the views of Autumn in Ted Hughes’s There Came A Day and John Keats’s Ode To Autumn. How do the poets use language to convey these views? There are many similarities and differences between the two autumn poems ‘There came a day’ by Ted Hughes and ‘Ode to autumn’ by John Keats. Both poems are based on autumn but they portray it in different ways. ‘There came a day’ presents autumn in a negative way where as ‘ode to autumn’ presents it in a positive way. The reason that John Keats may have written in a in a positive way about autumn is because he was a pre-twentieth century poet and had a love for nature and respect for the countryside. The style in which he writes is known as ‘romanticism’, which is when the poet writes from a personal view, rather than based on facts. Ted Hughes was a twentieth century poet and wrote in a slightly different way to John Keats. He knew a lot about nature and was fond of animals and plants. This could explain why he felt autumn is a harsh and ruthless season, because it symbolises decay and the end of most plant life until spring. We can tell from the title of John Keats’s poem ‘Ode To Autumn’ that it is a positive poem, and obviously about autumn. The title means ‘to praise autumn’ which implies that it is going to be about the good aspects of the season. However, in Ted Hughes’s ‘There Came a Day’ there is a sense of anticipation and fear about the day. From the title we cannot tell that the poem is about autumn but it is more negative. In the opening stanza of ‘Ode to Autumn’ the first few lines set a bright and colourful introduction to the poem. It talks about autumn as a season of mist and mellow fruitfulness. From this we know that it is a... ...rsonal tastes and styles. John Keats was a pre-twentieth century poet, so the vocabulary used in his poem was very old fashioned and traditional. We can tell this from the following words and phrases â€Å"thou hast’’ and â€Å"thou dost†. Ted Hughes was a twentieth century poet, so his writing and use of language is more modern, phrases such as â€Å"stuff them† and â€Å"plucked it† imply that it is a more recent poem. The two poems have many differences and only a few similarities. I believe there to be so many differences to be because of the different time period that the two poets lived in because John Keats’s poem is more traditional and Ted Hughes’s is modern. It is also because of the different style they write in and their own personal points view about autumn. Although I feel the similarity between the two poems is that both poets show their individual feelings.

Canadian Identity Essay Essay

Canada is known worldwide for our people’s resilience to nature, our acceptance of many different cultures, our universal healthcare, and our contributions to world peace. I believe for these reasons Canada is one of the greatest nations on Earth. Firstly, Canadian citizens are among the hardiest people on earth when it comes to resisting Mother Nature. Canada is battered each year with ice storms, hurricanes’ and windstorms, yet we Canadians grit our teeth and fight through it. This treacherous weather helps bring Canada together, and unite us when things are at their worst. For example, during the 2013-2014 ice storms many parts of Ontario where left without power for days, yet out of this horrible tragedy, Canadians banded together and helped each other out, lending each other generators and supplies to help get through this hard time together as a nation. Canada is also ranked as the second coldest country on earth, with an average annual temperature of -3.6 degrees (Anand) with an annual temperature below freezing Canada is well suited for winter sports like skiing and snowmobiling. The most Northerly settlement on earth is Alert, Nunavut, Alert is a Canadian Military and research base on the Northern Tip of Ellesmere Island, the lowest recorded temperature in Alert was -64 degrees Celsius, that’s the same temperature as the surface of Mars!(CFS Alert). It’s this extreme weather that allows us Canadians to grow tough, unite together against winter, and succeed at sports like skiing and hockey. Secondly, Canada is one of the best countries in the world to immigrate to. Canada is very multicultural and accepts cultures from all over the world. Whether you are immigrating from Ethiopia or Korea you will most likely find a small part of your culture somewhere in Canada. Canada has been inhabited by immigrants ever since 1604 when French explorers settled in the Maritimes (Facts in Canada’s Immigration History). Also 23% of Canadian citizens are born outside of our Country, the highest amount out of all the G8 countries (Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity in Canada). Canada is unique because in over 100 different places minority groups are actually the  majority. For example, Brampton Ontario has a population of 523,000 (Demographic Overview) and out of that number there are only 33,000 Irish citizens while there is 159,000 citizens from East India (Demographic Overview). Yet with all these different cultures in Canada, we all still feel united under the Canadian Flag and proud when we sing our National Anthem. Thirdly, Canada has a world renowned healthcare system, unlike countries like the US where you have to pay to go to the hospital; Canada covers the cost of most medical bills for you. The idea for Medicare in Canada first came in 1947 when the Saskatchewan Government released their first hospital insurance plan (The History of Medicare), initially most Doctors and other medical professionals despised this â€Å"Medicare System† because they worried they were going to make less money than if the medical system was privatized , slowly but surely the idea of universal healthcare grew and in the 1960’s Pearson’s minority government created National Medical Care system; were the government pays 50% of medical costs (The History of Medicare). Today, Canada’s healthcare system is an interesting mix of both public finding and the private sector. Canada is ranked 30th in the world for its healthcare system, while the United States is ranked 72nd. As a Canadian citi zen I feel safe knowing that if I ever get ill, I am covered without having to spend any money. Finally, Canada has been fighting for world peace ever since it joined the UN during its creation in 1945. It was actually Lester B. Pearson who suggested the idea of a UN lead peacekeeping force in 1956 (The Canadian Contribution to United Nations Peacekeeping). Canada’s first peacekeeping mission was done in 1949, in India and Pakistan. The mission was codenamed UNMOGIP, Canada’s job was to negotiate a ceasefire between Pakistan and India, in 1950, almost a year after the war started the UN negotiated a ceasefire with the help of Canadian Soldiers (Canada History). Canada has lost the 2nd most amounts of soldiers out of any UN country, and has lost the most soldiers per capita as well. Canadian peace keeping missions help shape the Canadian Identity because it shows the world that we care for other countries, and that even though our population is small we still  sacrifice a lot in the name of Peace. In Conclusion, I feel that Canada is an incredible nation, and I feel our contributions to world peace, our people’s resilience to the weather, our free healthcare system, and our multiculturalism are some of the main things that have helped make Canadians respected in the international community today.

Human and divine Essay

A fixed code of behaviour developed which all Muslim were to follow. And â€Å"unlike any other system in the world today the Shari’a embraces every details of human life, from the prohibition of crime to the use of the toothpick. It is â€Å"the science of all things, human and divine†, and divides all actions into what is compulsory or enjoined, what is praiseworthy or recommended what is permitted or legally indifferent, what is dislike or disapproved of and what is forbidden. For the Muslim there is no distinction between personal and communal, religious and spiritually, sacred and material. This often makes it difficult for the West to understand and appreciate the Islamic and Arab worlds, and vice versa. Muslims believe overwhelmingly in a Creator, whose purpose for the worlds is all-embracing; men take part in his creative activity as his representatives on Earth â€Å"O believers, believe in God and His messenger and the book He has sent down on His messenger and the Book which He sent down before, Who so disbelieves in God and His angels, and His Books, and His Messengers and the Last Day, Has surely gone astray into far error† (Qur’an IV. 135) There has been some disbelief on if God is real or not? However there are some signs that have occurred lately al around the world, which prove the existence of Allah. So if Allah exists then we are clearly made by him. These Pictures are real and no one has edited it one of them as even appeared on BBC News. WHAT IS EVOLUTION? AND WHO DISCOVERED IT ? Evolution is biology’s â€Å"big idea. † According to the latest estimates, there may be as many as 30 million species- different kinds of living things- on earth. Life permeates our planet. But how did life start in the first place? And how did all these different living things come to be as they are today? For the huge majority scientist, there is only one satisfactory explanation: they have evolved! Evolution is a gradual process of chemical and physical change that seemed to begin before life even started, and it still continues now. And had left its imprint in everything that is or was once alive, including our distant ancestors or/ourselves. It is responsible for the way we look, the way we reproduce, and -some would argue- even the way we behave. A young English naturalist named Charles Darwin. Who completed a round-the world-voyage aboard the naval ship: HMS Beagle. By the end of the five-year trip, Darwin had collected a wealth of evidence for evolution, although he had not yet known why it took place. Darwin’s great breakthrough came in 1838, when he read an essay on the growth of the human population. Its writer was: Thomas Malthus argued that humans have a natural tendency to outstrip their food supply, creating competition for scarce resources. Darwin immediately grapes the idea: competition constantly takes place in nature as well, giving rise to a permanent struggle for survival. From the observations he made on his travels, Darwin knew that living things show a host of inherited variations. He realized that in any struggle for resources, some variations- or characteristics- must prove more useful than others. The owners of these â€Å"winners† features would leave larger numbers of offspring, and as a result, their characteristics would gradually become more widespread in the population as a whole. The end result is change, driven by a passive process he called: Natural Selection. Unlike Lamarck’s* version of evolution (Lamarckism), Darwin’s involves no planning or preset goals. In any species- from bacteria to elephants- individuals are â€Å"judged† by one simple criterion: their ability to leave the most young that survive to reproduce. Darwin was a fussy worker, and he spent the following two decades preparing his extensive research for eventual publication. But in 1858, he discovered that he was about to be scooped. Another English naturalist- Alfred Russell Wallace- had also hit on the idea of natural selection; although he had much less research to back it up. This motivated Darwin to begin writing a book. The result, one year later, was On the Origin of Species. However when he wrote On the Origin Species, Darwin had no idea how features were passed from one generation to the next. Plant breeding studies carried out by Gregor Mendel, who showed that characteristics are carried by separate â€Å"factors† which are copied from one parent or the other. In 1909, these basic units of inherited materials were named â€Å"gene†, and 20th century scientist devoted much energy to reveal their physical nature. Today, we know that genes are sequences of four chemical bases (abbreviated to C, G, A and T) that are â€Å"written into† the lengths of molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), contained within the chromosomes of every cell. When an organism reproduces, DNA copies itself, and parental genes are passed on. The copying process is accurate, but mistakes, or mutation, do sometimes occur. However Darwin did not ‘discovered’ evolution, nor was he the only person to come up with the idea of natural selection. His achieve was to collect the evidence for both in a conclusive and comprehensive way. Most of the observations that informed his theories were made during that five-year voyage.

Burn After Reading Essays

Burn After Reading Essays Burn After Reading Essay Burn After Reading Essay Burn After Reading is a black comedy directed, produced and written by the Coen brothers in 2008. It stars some major actors such as Brad Pitt, George Clooney, John Malkovich and Francis McDormand. (Adams 40-42) In this film, all of the characters interweave with one another and they don’t necessarily know so. The film begins with John Malkovich as Osbourne Cox being fired from his position as a C. I. A. analyst. He then decides to begin writing his memoirs which eventually end up in the hands of two HardBodies Gym employees Francis McDormand as Linda Litzke and Brad Pitt as Chad. Chad assumes that Cox must be someone of importance and that the information on the disk is top secret. From there, he involves Linda in black mailing him because she is in desperate need for money to pay for the cosmetic surgeries she desires. Along side of that, Cox’s wife is planning on leaving his and taking off with Harry which is something he knows nothing of. Harry who is also married, and having an affair with Cox’s wife, is also meeting random women through an online dating service and eventually hooks up with Linda as well. Linda falls for Harry, especially since he’s told her that he doesn’t think these surgeries that she needs are necessary. This movie is basically a tangled web of lies, paranoia and false information, making it into one of the Coen brothers most baffling films. One major aspect of this movie is paranoia. What does the movie say about paranoia? Well, that’s a rather difficult answer to come up with considering a lot of this movie doesn’t make sense. Even the ending scene of the movie where Palmer and Gardner Chubb (both C. I. A. gents) are discussing this mess of events that has been going on say that they didn’t learn anything from this. Everyone in the movie seems to believe that someone is someone else leading to the characters to lash out with paranoid violence as if they’re left with no alternative. I think that the movie is probably trying to say about paranoia is that you can’t let it get to you because you will either end up cre ating scenarios leading to even worse paranoia, or you’ll end up dead. Two main focuses in the movie that seemed to harbor the most paranoia were Clooney’s character Harry and Pitt’s character Chad. Harry plays a US Marshall who never seems to actually work (Adams 40-42) and is constantly creating more and more sticky situations. Not only is he married, but he’s having an affair with Osbourne Cox’s wife and meeting women on the internet. Every day Harry goes out on run and begins to notice what looks like a government car following him. He seems like he doesn’t really know what to make of it and ignores it in the beginning. Once the situation becomes a little more suspicious, Harry takes action and goes out to the man’s car who’s been following him demanding answers. The man worked for a law firm and was hired by Harry’s wife to watch him to find proof that he was cheating on his wife. Little did Harry know, he wife was getting ready to file for a divorce. Harry is also paranoid about killing Chad earlier on in the movie at Osbourne Cox’s home. Him and Linda have been seeing each other and Linda eventually asks Harry if he can help her find her friend since he has no idea where he’s gone. Later in the park, Linda explains the situation a little further about what Chad was doing and where he was going and just like that Harry put the pieces together and finally found out who the person was that he killed. He then begins to ask Linda questions about who she is and who she was hired by, Linda innocent and not knowing what Harry is talking about truthfully tells him that she wasn’t hired by anyone and she’s not after anything. Harry then runs away from Linda never to see her again. Eventually, Harry decides to up and flee to Venezuela to escape from whoever he thinks might be after him. Pitt’s character Chad who seems rather dimwitted, is trying to find a way to black mail Osbourne Cox. Earlier on in the movie, McDormand finds his disk at HardBodies gym, Chad comes up with the brilliant idea to black mail him and Linda goes with the idea thinking that the money they receive from Cox will pay for her surgeries. He begins by making a late night phone call telling Cox that he has his disk and he demands money for the return of it. He later meets up with Cox, trying to look professional by wearing a tuxedo but riding a bike a carrying his helmet. Cox explains to Chad what could legally happen to him if he decided to try and blackmail him, then proceeds to punch Chad in the face and makes him get out of his car. Then they come up with the idea to take the disk to the Russians hoping that they’ll somehow get money out of it that way. Chad later tries breaking into Cox’s home to find more information on him. While Chad’s in the house, Harry walks in. Cox had previously been locked out of his home by his wife who was also getting ready to file for divorce, so Harry has been staying there temporarily while his wife is off for the release of her new children’s book. Once Chad realizes that he is no longer alone in the house, he quickly hides in the closet hoping to eventually escape unnoticed. After Harry gets out of the shower he walks over to the closet Chad is hiding in. He opens the doors and sees him thinking he’s some government spook and immediately shoots him in the head. The character of Osbourne Cox is also another example of paranoia in this film. After he’s fired from his job, gets blackmailed, and told by his wife that she’s divorcing him, he also gets kicked out of his home having to resort to living on their boat. Cox get’s fed up with it one day and decides to return home with a hatchet in hopes to find more liquor. What Cox ends up finding at his house is Ted. Ted also works at HardBodies gym and is Linda and Chad’s boss. He’s down in the basement looking through Cox’s computer to try and figure out what exactly Linda and Chad have been up to since they haven’t exactly told him anything. Cox, who’s in a paranoid state, angrily demands answers and quickly makes the connection between Ted, Linda amp; Chad. Infuriated, he chases Ted all the way out to the streets where he proceeds to kill him with the hatchet out of anger. (Doom 163-174) During the duration of the whole movie Francis McDormand’s character, Linda Litzke, struggles with her own self conscious paranoia’s. This makes Linda completely neglect what’s been in front of her face the whole time. While she’s busy obsessing over recapturing her youth, her boss Ted who obviously has feelings about her is discretely trying to let her know that. She openly speaks with him about the surgeries that’s she’s wanting to undergo and about how she’s meeting men on the internet. He explains to her that she doesn’t need the surgeries, and that online dating can be a very dangerous thing and she could end up with the wrong guy. Everything seems to go in one ear and out the other with her because she never took any of that into account. Poor Ted even end up dead in the end of the movie because he’s trying to figure out what it is that Linda and Chad have been up to and why they say it’s so ‘dangerous’. All in all, this has got to be one of the most bizarre spy films that I have ever seen. Unfortunately in the end the only person that seems to get what they want is Linda. If it wasn’t for her self consciousness, a lot of things wouldn’t have ever happened in the first place. Yes of course Chad being the quirky guy that he is, probably still would’ve tried to blackmail Cox, but maybe he wouldn’t have gone so far with it to the point of being shot point blank in the head. Also, nothing would’ve ever happened to Ted. All along all he was trying to do was figure out what it was that Chad and Linda were up to and once he got so involved, he also ended up dead. It seems to be that the most innocent characters of the movie, ended up getting the short straw in everything. On top of all the organized chaos that the movie entails, I find it rather bewildering that the movie is considered a form of comedy. Though black comedy is more so a darker kind, finding humor in death and despair. In conclusion, I think it’s safe to say that Burn After Reading is quite possibly one of the most meaningless movies I have ever seen. Though it is meaningless, that doesn’t mean that it isn’t entertaining and rather humorous. One thing that I did pick up on in the movie though is to steer clear from paranoia. It won’t get you anywhere but six feet under. At least unless the circumstances of this movie. Citations Doom, Ryan. THE BROTHERS COEN: Unique characters of violence. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2009. 163-174. eBook. Adams, Michael. Burn After Reading. 28th ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Cenage Learning, 2009. Print. Burn After Reading. Dir. Ethan and Joel Coen. Focus Features: 2008, DVD.

The Tuskegee and Guatemala Syphilis Studies Were Racist

The Tuskegee and Guatemala Syphilis Studies Were Racist Some of the most unsettling examples of institutional  racism have involved medicine, such as when the U.S. government conducted syphilis research on marginalized groups (poor black men in the American south and vulnerable Guatemalan citizens) with disastrous results. Such experiments challenge the idea that racism simply involves isolated acts of prejudice. In fact, the racism that results in long-lasting oppression of people from minority backgrounds is typically perpetuated by institutions. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study In 1932, the United States Public Health Service partnered with educational establishment the Tuskegee Institute to study black men with syphilis in Macon County, Georgia. Most of the men were poor sharecroppers. By the time the study ended 40 years later, a total of 600 black men had enrolled in the experiment. It was called the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male. Medical researchers swayed the men to participate in the study by enticing them with medical exams, rides to and from the clinics, meals on examination days, free treatment for minor ailments, and guarantees that provisions would be made after their deaths in terms of burial stipends paid to their survivors. There was just one problem: Even when penicillin became the main treatment for syphilis in 1947, researchers neglected to use the medication on the men in the Tuskegee study. In the end, dozens of study participants died and infected their spouses, sexual partners, and children with syphilis as well. The Assistant Secretary for Health and Scientific Affairs created a panel to review the study and in 1972, determined that it was ethically unjustified. The panel determined that researchers failed to provide participants with informed consent, namely that test subjects were to remain untreated for syphilis. In 1973, a class action suit was filed on behalf of the enrollees in the study that resulted in them winning a $9 million settlement. Moreover, the U.S. government agreed to give free medical services to the survivors of the study and their families. Guatemala Syphilis Experiment Until 2010, it remained widely unknown that the U.S. Public Health Service and the Pan American Sanitary Bureau partnered with the Guatemalan government to conduct medical research between 1946 and 1948. During this time, 1,300 Guatemalan prisoners, sex workers, soldiers, and mental health patients were intentionally infected with sexually transmitted diseases such as syphilis, gonorrhea, and chancroid. What’s more, just 700 of the Guatemalans exposed to STDs received treatment. A total of 83 individuals ultimately died from complications that may have been a direct result of the questionable research paid for by the U.S. government to test the effectiveness of penicillin as an STD treatment. Susan Reverby, a women’s studies professor at Wellesley College, uncovered the U.S. government’s unethical medical research in Guatemala while researching the Tuskegee Syphilis Study of the 1960s, in which researchers willfully failed to treat black men with the illness. It turns out that Dr. John Cutler played a key role in both the Guatemalan experiment and the Tuskegee experiment. The medical research conducted on members of the Guatemalan population stands out as especially egregious, given that the year before experiments there began, Cutler and other officials also conducted STD research on prisoners in Indiana. In that case, however, researchers informed the inmates what the study entailed. In the Guatemalan experiment, none of the test subjects gave their consent, a violation of their rights. In 2012, a U.S. court threw out a lawsuit Guatemalan citizens filed against the U.S. government over the unethical medical research. Wrapping Up Because of the history of medical racism, people  of color continue to distrust health care providers. This can result in non-white people delaying medical treatment or avoiding it altogether, creating an entirely new set of challenges for a group plagued with a legacy of racism. Sources About the USPHS Syphilis Study. Tuskegee University, 2019, Tuskegee, AL. Monastersky, Richard. Court dismisses suit over unethical US experiments. Springer Nature Limited, June 15, 2012.

English Literature, beginning to Romantic Period. Dialogue Essay

English Literature, beginning to Romantic Period. Dialogue - Essay Example Although Satan as a protagonist may not be the object of admiration as other heroes do, there are some admirable qualities of determination. Satan is also compellingly complex and manages to strike a majestic attitude, not threatened by death or conflict. In The Canterbury Tale, The Wife of Bath tells us how she uses her experience with men to achieve anything she wants. She glorifies her ability to control the institution of marriage, and that she has married several times five men. To her, marrying these five men is not only normal but is acceptable in the bible. Me: welcome guys to our today’s discussion on your roles on earth. Several questions have been raised why you operate the way you do and why you torment those who do not agree with you in one way or the other. What can you say about these allegations? Satan: Thank you, as you I am Satan, the only person who has the ability to challenge our enemies. A man must be able to free his mind; otherwise he would simply be an empty shell with no purpose. That’s why I have to help man think freely, without restrictions by showing him the way to life. The Wife of Bath: Thank you for this forum, I’m here as a testimony of how a free mind can help free humankind’s mind (she wears a broad infectious smile). When Satan talks about the need to establish a free mind, I’m an example of what a free mind can achieve. Satan: (nodes his head in agreement) that’s why heav’n isn’t the right place for mankind, where you’ll be dup’t into believing that you’re free, yet in reality you become a slave of one’s way of thinking. Me: Well, (facing Satan) the last time you disagreed with God you had disobeyed him. You went ahead and started a war that you lost. Instead of picking yourself up and to wage another war, you wage war on mankind by duping them to follow your wicked ways (Milton 6). Satan: (trying hard to control his apparent angered

Analysing engineering product Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analysing engineering product - Essay Example omotive components division is the largest of the three business areas which employs 60% of the workforce and most of its business comes from its overseas divisions. The case study focuses on this business area of the company. The automotive components division is also first tier supplier to multinational final producers of automobiles and 49% of its sale comes from Europe and mostly from Germany, France and Spain where 69% of its overseas workforce is employed. In the recent years, looking at the demands of its customers, the company has standardised the production lines and its working practices in all its sites worldwide. The main reasons being that though the cars sold in different countries may vary slightly, they are nevertheless produced in similar manner thereby necessitating the need for same specifications for the components of the cars in different countries. The company has been persuaded to standardize because most of its clients are multinationals who have their business spread through out the world. internalization; MNEs are the vehicle through which production has become international and factors of production such as management, labor and technology have become mobile internationally† (Stopford and Strange 1991).Multinational companies have the advantage of operating their business in different countries throughout the world with the same standard and efficiency. Hence they mostly prefer those companies as their suppliers which can provide product or services that have same specifications worldwide and can be freely used by any or all of their globally located operations. Engineering Product Company has thus managed to gain multinational customers by standardising processes in their production lines in different countries. The restructuring, integrated and streamlined the administration and production lines of its various sites across the globe. All the previously broadly decentralised plants have now been brought under a common code of

Compare and contrast the labour forces of the preindustrial and Essay

Compare and contrast the labour forces of the preindustrial and industrial ages - Essay Example For conducting the comparative analysis, the era prior to industrial revolution has been considered as pre-industrial age, whereas the period starting since industrial revolution has been considered as industrial age. Before embarking on making any comparison between the pre-industrial labour force and industrial labour force, it is necessary to look at the major features of labour market of pre-industrial age as well as that of industrial age to form a clear idea about the features of labour force during these two periods. Characteristics of labour market at any point of time can be viewed in terms of labour force composition, production process, division of labour, labour market institutions, wage structure, etc. The present paper will first discuss the major characteristics of labour market in the two periods under consideration, which are preindustrial era and industrial era. In the pre-industrial period, economies were mostly dependent on agricultural sector and to some extent on home based industries, like manufacturing, construction etc. Industrial sector did not flourish on a commercial basis largely. There existed only a few industries, which ran their business on a commercial basis, like iron or textile industries, etc. Consequently, most of the labourers were agricultural labourers or were employed in home based industries. Labourers mostly concentrated on rural areas, because during that period the notion and extent of urbanization was very limited. As far as, gender perspective in labour force participation was concerned, it was found that males mostly dominated that labour market. Female participation in the labour force was very low. In this context, one interesting thing can be mentioned that in pre-industrial era, women used to be involved in doing household activities even because most of them belonged to very poor families. In addition, mo re earning members were required to meet the daily needs of living

Effects of Global Unsecuralization

Effects of Global Unsecuralization Introduction Since the collapse of the USSR and the emergence of 20th century globalization, complex and diverse religio-political movements have resurfaced around the world with the explicit goal of re-establishing religion’s role in the public sphere. These religious movements have gained considerable influence and power, both domestically and internationally, which has been used to advance their political goals within their respective countries. In many ways, the rise of religio-political movements can be seen as a negative reaction to strong modernization pressures that have supported the creation of a market-driven culture, free-market economy and democratic government around the world. Modernization not only has failed to deliver on its promises in a highly unbalanced global economy but supports a growing widening gap between the North and the Global South. As local cultural and traditional institutions continue to erode around the world, a great number of people have opted for consu merism as a response to the insecurity of collapsed boundaries. Others have chosen to follow religious fundamentalism or religious revivalism to protect their religious traditions from secular movements and outside forces. According to Weigel, the global proliferation of religio-political movements constitute the unsecularization of the world. The following essay will examine the meaning and significance of his claim and then proceed to explain why this constitutes a problematic development for international security and stability. I shall argue that the proliferation of unsecular movements is highly problematic because most of these movements base their actions and policies on religious scriptures which have little explanatory force and may be reinforced against people’s will. This in turn might be used to violate important principles of freedom, equality, and liberty which are the core of democratic institutions, global interconnectedness, and relative peace. Understanding the unsecularization of the world According to Weigel, the present revitalization of religious movements around the globe constitutes the â€Å"unsecularization of the world†. This expression does not imply that the respiritualization of the world is apolitical. On the contrary, unsecularism represents a new and widespread interaction between religion and politics. The nature and extent of this interaction between religion and politics is worth analyzing because it can have major domestic and international effects. Since the 1990s, it has become increasingly difficult to find a single country where religion does not have a prominent place in the political agenda of the state, even in countries that have long experienced secular principles and practices. It is important to note that secularism is a practice in which state and religious institutions are separated from one another. Secularism has western roots and has been one of the founding principles of the United States, one of the world’s most religio us countries. Secularism was adopted in order to reduce the role of religion in politics, which until the 16th century had provided the main motor for international conflicts and the main threat to international security and peace. It must be noted that although religion has had major political consequences in the past, modern religio-political movements have evolved as many of them have adopted more pro-active approaches to fight secularism. On September 11, 1991, American President George Bush Senior, spoke confidently about the birth of a new world order characterized by the values of democracy and freedom. However, this optimism proved short-sighted as the Gulf-War changed the West’s plans on the Post-Cold War global order and quickly identified Islamic radicalism as the most significant threat to Western security. The re-emergence of religion in world politics can be traced to Iran’s Islamic Revolution in 1979 which contradicted the belief that societies would secularize as they modernize. Third world countries were expected to emulate the path taken by Europe and North America to achieve economic prosperity and reduce the role of religion in public affairs. However, these views proved erroneous as evidence demonstrates that not all societies that modernize tend to secularize. What is also surprising is that as states developed and pursued modernization, faith in secular ideologies declined, leaving man y people with a sense of internal loss. Another important concept to define is modernization because religio-political movements appear to be in opposition with it. Modernization has strong links with urbanization, industrialization, and the elimination of irrational views associated with ethnicity and religion. It suggests that loss of religious faith and secularization combined with technological development and application of science can overcome most of society’s problems. By the end of the 1990s, a global wave of politically oriented religious movements had spawned; which had serious social, political, and economic implications for the stability of the global community. To complicate things further, these groups active political involvement attracted not only the poor and marginalized members of society but also people with extensive education and high social status that have proven very useful to the overall growth of their movements. However, we must note that there ar e significant differences among religio-political groups, especially when it comes to the methods employed to achieve their goals. The Negative Effects of the Unsecularization in the World The unsecularization of the world constitutes a problematic development because western policy-makers have chosen to ignore major differences among various religio-political movements and have supported regimes that employ hostile and violent tactics against them. It is crucial, we mark an important distinction between religious fundamentalism and religious revivalism, both of which are responses to the failed promises of globalization. According to Heelas, religious fundamentalism is a â€Å"distinctively modern twentieth-century movement with historical antecedents† (159). The term has been constantly employed since the 1970s to describe numerous and diverse religio-political movements around the globe. However, it is important to note that the term was first used by conservative Christians in the US when they claimed that they wanted to return to the fundamentals of their religion. Presently, the term has become generic and is used by both popular and academic circles to de scribe a multitude of groups form various religious traditions. Religious fundamentalism focuses on the doctrines located within the nexus of moral and social concerns centered on state-society relations. They believe they are under attack from modernization and secularization as well as intruding alien ethics. Often, this develops into a broad socio-political offensive to try to redress the situation by targeting particular political figures. Most of their ideology is narrowed to few principles based on core religious texts such as the Bible, the Quran, or the Torah to define what God wants and how to answer to modern societal challenges. On the other hand, religious revivalism is a movement that wishes to renew and strengthen the community from within. It does not seek confrontation with others and assumes that all religious traditions are important to preserve within their own communities. The distinction between these two approaches is clear and must be understood by western pol icy-makers that have until now confused the two into a single movement which has increased tension and hostility. Unsecular movements also represent a problematic development domestically for multi-ethnic states that have diverse religious populations because they seek to impose certain religious practices publicly over others. Where secularism allows for the tolerant practice of multiple religious practices privately, extreme unsecularism seeks a return to complete uniformity of religious traditional practices. Multiple modern states are struggling to cope with the despair felt by certain religious groups over secularism. Often times, these groups use the public’s sense of insecurity and dissatisfaction to attack local secular leaders by proclaiming immoral governments as the cause of society’s problems. Many claim that secularism is not a native notion to their land and use the negative colonial legacy to disenfranchise what they consider to be the imposition of western values. In addition, these groups have a tendency to see politics in religious ways. By claiming that political difficulties have religious roots, they also assume that they have religious solutions. This often leads to the forceful adoption of religious solutions that are often found in religious texts, and contain outdated practices. This forceful imposition of religious practices is problematic even within members of the same religious community as some of them seek a more moderate approach to their religious beliefs while others wish to go back to purest form of religious practices. Dr. Goldstein in Israel demonstrates clearly this internal tension, as he claimed â€Å"miracles do not happen, they are made†. This remark was made to highlight the importance of reasserting Israeli control of biblical lands for the sake of religious prophecy, a topic which continues to internally divide Israeli society. The unsecularism of the world also poses a major threat to the stability and order of the international order because it tends to encourage the satanization of political enemies which might be used to justify violent actions to achieve â€Å"moral† ends. Fundamentalist religious groups embracing millenarian traditions pose a significant threat because they believe in the need to provoke a religious apocalypse to usher a new age of peace for humanity. Although they claim their ultimate goal is peace, many of them promote the use of extreme violence and terror tactics to send a powerful religio-political messages. These groups tend to justify their actions in religious symbolism and often accept the idea that suffering and death are necessary sacrifices to prove their faith to god and protect their families, societies and nations from an ever closing evil. The fact that violence is justified on the identification â€Å"evil doers† tends to have dehumanizing effect on cert ain peoples that are deemed not worthy of the protection and rights granted by god. This confrontational approach known as â€Å"us VS them† is highly problematic for both sides and could ultimately lead to open confrontation. This can effectively lead to a cosmic war based on religious prophecy and extremism that is capable of causing substantial damage and the violation of basic human rights. Conclusion To conclude, the spread of unsecular religio-political movements represents a problematic development for the stability and peace of the international community. Ever since the fall of the USSR, the United States has used his powerful economic, political military power to create a world according to pluralist and democratic values. However, the growing resistance and influence of religio-political movements around the world has inevitably clashed with the spread of western values and practices. These diverse and complex movements are mostly concerned with reasserting the role of religion in the public sphere. They are highly involved in domestic politics as they attempt to stop secularism and other religions from threatening the cohesiveness of their group. Unsecularization has proven problematic because western policy-makers have chosen to ignore major differences among religio-political movements and have supported violent and repressive regime to oppress them. In addition, unsecul arism presents a challenge domestically for religiously diverse countries because they seek to impose dominant religious practices publicly over others. Furthermore, unsecularism tends to encourage religious groups that embrace millenarian traditions to satanize their political enemies which dialogue unlikely making war, a real possibility.