Essay about Toni Morrisons Literary Achievements - 693 Words

Toni Morrisons Literary Achievements In 1993 Toni Morrison joined the illustrious ranks of the Nobel Prize for Literature laureates as the ninetieth recipient, twentieth English-language author, eighth American, eighth woman, third black, and first African-American 1. Her mid-century predecessor William Faulkner (1897-1962) had just received the award in 1950 when Morrison (b. 1931) began writing her Master of Arts thesis on his work.2 Aside from both being Nobel laureates, this unlikely pair has, at first glance, little in common: Morrison, the college-educated daughter of a black Ohio shipyard welder, a key figure in the publishing and academic world; Faulkner, Southern son of aristocratic background, autodidact, reclusive†¦show more content†¦She is as great and as innovative as Faulkner and Garcia Marquez and Woolf. He also pointed to the particularity of her achievement as an African-American: Just two centuries ago the African-American literary tradition was born in slave narratives. Now our greatest writ er has won the Nobel Prize.6 No doubt Morrison was particularly pleased by the joy of the African-American women; in her acceptance speech she quotes a message on her answering machine from an artist friend: My dear sister, the prize that is yours is also ours and could not have been placed in better hands.7 The literary critic Barbara Christian, one of the first academics to write seriously about Morrisons work in the 1970s, extols her liberating sound: How fortunate to have lived at a time when we can dwell in, and heal, through her language! [...] to the African-American women, Toni Morrison had long since won a Nobel Prize.8 Toni MorrisonsShow MoreRelatedstudy on toni morrison Essay2402 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿A Study On Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye Ying-Hua,Liao Introduction Toni Morrison was the winner of the 1993 Nobel Prize for Literature. She is a prominent contemporary American writer devoted to the black literary and cultural movement. Her achievements and dedication to the promotion of black culture have established her distinguished status in American literature. Many critics applaud Toni Morrison’s artistic talent and contribution to American literature. Darwin T. Turner, for exampleRead MoreWell-known American Author Toni Morrison1182 Words   |  5 PagesToni Morrison (named Chloe Anthony Wofford at birth) was born in Lorain, Ohio, on February 18, in 1931, to Ramah (nà ©e Willis) and George Wofford. She is the second child of four in a middle-class family. As a child, Morrison read frequently; her favorite authors were Jane Austen and Leo Tolstoy. Morrisons father told her many folktales of the black community (something that would later be apart of Morrisons works). Morrison is a well known American author, editor, and professor who won the NobelRead MoreReview Of Khaled Hosseini s Kite Runner Essay1386 Words   |  6 Pagesother and violence that the author imposes on his characters. Violent clashes between characters, such as stabbings or shootings can illuminate issues between characters regarding love, ideology, money, or race among other things. Foster uses Toni Morrison’s Beloved as an example of violence that a character imposes on another, because in this work, an escaped slave kills her own daughter out of desperation to protect her from slavery. This act taken literally appears villainous and unbelievable,Read MoreElements of Postmodernism in Ishmael Reeds Mumbo Jumbo, Don Delillos White Noise, Toni Morrisons Beloved and Thomas Pynchons the Crying of Lot 496348 Words   |  26 Pagesconcepts and ideas. Perhaps the central achievement of postmodernism is the consideration of difference, an insistent attention to the local cultures and undervalued constituencies that modernisms exaltation of unity and grand narrative often obscured, which can easily be observed by reading and analyzing some of the most important works of American postmodern fiction . Works such as Ishmael Reeds Mumbo Jumbo, Don DeLillos White Noise, Toni Morrisons Beloved and Thomas Pynchons The CryingRead MoreMargaret Atwood Spotty Handed Villainesses1879 Words   |  8 PagesMARGARET ATWOOD: â€Å"SPOTTY-HANDED VILLIANESSES: PROBLEMS OF FEMALE BAD BEHAVIOUR IN THE CREATION OF LITERATURE† BUI CONTEXT Margaret Atwood is once of Canada’s best known literary composers. She is best known for her ability as an author of novels such as Alias Grace, Bodily Harm, Hairball, Rape Fantasies, and the highly acclaimed The Handmaid’s Tale, which was later made into a movie. These works establish her as a feminist writer, raising issues of women in literature, the difficulties associatedRead MoreReview Of Charlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre 10879 Words   |  44 Pagesas Bronte also struggled to come to terms with balancing her feelings and freedom. It has also been pointed out that Bertha Mason is Charlotte Bronte. Both did not get to go out, failed to find love, and expressed themselves in unorthodox ways. Literary Period: Victorian Produced: October 16, 1847 Published: Smith, Elder, and Co., Cornhill Country where written: England Setting Location: Gateshead, Lowood School, Thornfield, Moor House, and Ferndean Time Period: Early 1900s Weather if relevant TheRead MoreEudora Welty a Worn Path12166 Words   |  49 Pagesan appropriate setting for Weltys story of Phoenix Jackson? Find out about race relations in the United States, especially in Mississippi, during the early 1940s. Are these the same attitudes Welty depicts in A Worn Path? The journey has been a literary device since ancient Greek times when Homer wrote The Odyssey, How is Phoenix Jacksons walk through the woods similar to Odysseuss seven−year journey home after the Trojan War?  » Back to Table of Contents Media Adaptations A Worn Path wasRead MoreEudora Welty a Worn Path12173 Words   |  49 Pagesan appropriate setting for Weltys story of Phoenix Jackson? Find out about race relations in the United States, especially in Mississippi, during the early 1940s. Are these the same attitudes Welty depicts in A Worn Path? The journey has been a literary device since ancient Greek times when Homer wrote The Odyssey, How is Phoenix Jacksons walk through the woods similar to Odysseuss seven−year journey home after the Trojan War?  » Back to Table of Contents Media Adaptations A Worn Path was adapted

A Brief Note On Race And Gender, And The Family Medical...

Although issues relating to race and gender are what most people think of about diversity, the HR team must be more knowledgeable than just the obvious about diversity including additional legislation. For instance, the Age discrimination in Employment Act, the Americans with Disabilities Act, and the Family Medical leave Act are just a few of the legalities that HR needs to implement into their organization. Another consideration for HRM is modifications regarding recruitment strategy such as reaching out to historically black colleges as well as joining organizations that are exclusive to women. In order to stay compliant, they must develop distinctive record keeping to track affirmative action programs, which include analyses to support the company’s efforts to achieve diversity. Some states make diversity training mandatory, however, if this is not the case, HRM must still remain compliant with all applicable anti-discrimination legislation while remaining the leader in facilitating a culture where people from diverse backgrounds can work together harmoniously! Globalization has transformed society and has had its impact on diversity from the president of the free world, Barack Obama, changing the look of leadership from a middle aged white male to anyone can be president of the United States. Since the world has become intergrated, every business must embrace diversity in the workforce because it represents their customers and suppliers. â€Å"A diverse body ofShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management and Regulations1323 Words   |  5 Pagesemployees gender, race, color, religion, national origin, age, disability, status as a veteran or jury duty. Such dislike is considered prejudice. Thus, HR Managers must be especially cautious and sensitive when the terminated or soon-to-be terminated at-will employee is a member of a group which can be seen as vulnerable to discrimination in that particular environment. 2. Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (a brief overview is attached) The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act is relevantRead MoreBlack Lesbian And Gay Families7002 Words   |  29 Pagesmarriage for Black families. This article will discuss the available research on Black lesbian and gay families, highlighting both the strengths and challenges these families negotiate. Focusing on the resources Black lesbian and gay families provide to the Black community, such as foster parenting and adopting Black children, mentoring runaway and throwaway Black youth and leadership on Black social justice issues, this article will demonstrate the value of Black lesbian gay families towards the largerRead MoreIntimate Partner Violence ( Rdp ) Or Domestic Violence3392 Words   |  14 Pagesoverall health and well-being. IPV not only has acute effects but lifelong implications as well. It is not limited to one group but crosses all barriers, it has an effect on both genders, people of all ages, all races, all cultures, all educational levels and all socio-econ omical backgrounds. Although, IPV affects both genders, this paper will focus primarily on women. It will seek to examine the repercussions of IPV on the victim’s health as well as children exposed to IPV. This topic is important toRead MoreNcfe Level 2 Certificate in Equality and Diversity Unit 1: Exploring Equality and Diversity5977 Words   |  24 Pagesdiversity? Diversity means: Different Individuals Valuing Each other Regardless of Skin Intellect Talents or Years It is used to describe the differences between people, some we can see others we can’t Diversity can be differences in race, heritage, customs, belief systems, physical appearance, mental capabilities, etc. Diversity should be respected and valued because nobody is completely the same as anyone else, even within the categories above. 2. Describe the community you liveRead MoreEmployee Relations3245 Words   |  13 Pagesrelations between management and labour. External factors Pay and Reward – According to CIPD (2015), reward generally covers all financial provisions made to employees, including cash pay and the wider benefits package such as pensions and paid leave. Pay on the other hand is usually divided into two categories such as an employee’s base pay and their total earnings. The competition for better rewards in a booming market can result in employees demanding extra pay and benefits. However, anyRead MoreGender Pay Gap14271 Words   |  58 PagesIntroduction * Overview * Background * Current Situation * Outlook * Pro/Con * Chronology * Short Features * Maps/Graphs * Bibliography * The Next Step * Contacts * Footnotes * About the Author * * Comments | Gender Pay Gap | Are women paid fairly in the workplace? | March 14, 2008 †¢ Volume 18, Issue 11 | By Thomas J. Billitteri Introduction Former Goodyear manager Lilly Ledbetter won more than $3 million in a pay-discrimination suit against the tire firmRead MoreA Brief Note On Professional Judgements And Interventions2388 Words   |  10 Pagesdysfunctional beliefs, and increased their ability to carry out their daily roles. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is an intervention used to help participants accept themselves and their struggles and commit to change their negative thoughts. In a study done by Sheppard, Forsyth, Hickling, Bianchi (2010), 15 participants who had the diagnosis of MS were recruited to partake in two brief ACT workshops. Out of the 15, four withdrew from the study after the initial assessment. The participants wereRead MoreSSD2 Module 1 Notes31223 Words   |  125 Pagesï » ¿MODULE 01 NOTES SOP- STANDARD OPERING PROCEDURE Determine the SOP purpose and target audience for distribution. Uniforms Your reference will be Local Policy, AR 670-1 Leaves and Passes Your reference will be AR 600-8-10 Motor Stables Your reference will be DA Pam 750-1 Key Control Your reference will be AR 190-51, 190-11, 735-5 References Citations must be accurate and thorough-title, type, number, and date of publication; online links if appropriate; and identifying information for correspondenceRead MoreSociology Essay20437 Words   |  82 Pagesteaching context. No other rights are granted without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, of Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who commits any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. Published in 2010 by: Nelson Thornes Distance Learning Delta Place 27 Bath Road CHELTENHAM GL53 7TH United Kingdom 10 11 12 13 14 15 / 10 9Read MorePHL 612: Philosophy of Law5882 Words   |  24 Pagesalterations to the grading scheme includes: (a) discussing the changes with the class; (b) making such revisions as early as possible in the course; and (c) confirming the changes both orally and in writing (handout or posting to course website). NOTE: Faculty Course Surveys will be administered online Readings and Resources: There will be a Course Website on Blackboard. Course readings will be comprised of selected journal articles and court cases as specified in the Course Schedule. The

Causal Argument Analyzing the Causes of The 2011 NBA Lockout Essay Example For Students

Causal Argument: Analyzing the Causes of The 2011 NBA Lockout Essay In the American economy, capitalism is at the root of every major market; markets such as the textiles, healthcare, utilities, and sports entertainment. Professional basketball is a huge industry in the United States that many corporations and sports-lovers spend money on to watch and endorse. Devastating to many of the fans, the National Basketball Association (NBA) went into a lockout in 2011 because of the many economic issues that the league had been experiencing in the previous years. During a lockout, players cannot play, teams are not allowed to trade, sign or contact players, and many players do not get paid and cannot access NBA team facilities or staff. The 2011 NBA lockout was the fourth lockout in NBA history. The 2011 lockout started on July 1, 2011, and ended December 8, 2011, delaying the start of the NBA season by almost two months. Although many critics would argue that the 2011 NBA lockout was caused by the team owners’ greed and the professional players’ unwillingness to compromise, the main and most unbiased causes of the 2011 lockout were the expiration of the NBA’s collective bargaining agreement (CBA) that was set in 2005 and the great recession of 2007. Nonetheless, the team owners’ greed and the professional players’ reluctance to negotiate clashed and prolonged the NBA lockout period. In order for one to clearly understand the causes of the 2011 NBA lockout, we must first identify the implications of previous CBA contracts and negotiations. The previous National Basketball Association lockout in 1998 reduced the 1998-1999 NBA season by 32 games, from 82 to 50. However, the owners and players eventually came to an agreement and a new six-year collective bargaining agreement was accepted. The six year co. .ons that it would have on the sport. Given the financial hardships that the National Basketball Association was experiencing and the massive impact that the great recession had on the U.S. industries, it goes without say that the recession of 2007 changed the economics of the NBA and called for many financial reforms that would cause controversy among the team owners and the players; thus, leading to the NBA lockout of 2011. Works Cited Joshua. â€Å"What Caused the NBA Lockout.† Bettingbasketball.org. 11 Oct. 2011. Web. 16 Feb. 2012. Parlow, Matthew J., â€Å"The NBA and The Great Recession: Implications For the Upcoming Collective Bargaining Agreement Renegotiation.† Journals-College of Law. Depaul University, 2010. Web. 16 Feb. 2012. Zegers, Charlie. â€Å"NBA Lockout 101: the issues, the arguments, and the NBA’s uncertain future. † About.com. 2010. Web. 16 Feb. 2012

The Crucible Essays (904 words) - Salem Witch Trials, The Crucible

The Crucible The Crucible The Crucible written by Arthur Miller is a play that takes place in the sixteen nineties during the famous but tragic witch trials. The entire community is in pandemonium yet certain characters are also fighting internal conflicts of their own. Miller uses three characters who manifest this internal battle ever so clearly. Such as Mary Warren who whole personality turns upside down, John Proctor who contemplates between the importance of his family and his own name and Reverend Hale who battles with himself wether to carry out his job requirements or do what he knows is right. Mary Warren is a girl who is forced with this inner turmoil throughout this play. At the outset of the play she is perceived to be a very shy girl who will never speak her mind as shown when Proctor sends her home and she responds with I'm just going home. As the play continues and as she is influenced by Abigail, Mary begins to break this self induced mold and does what she wants. Mary Warren, along with many other girls gets caught up in the hype of getting all the attention and exercising power via initiating and adamantly continuing these witch trials. Finally John Proctor, the rationalist, shows that when people like Rebecca Nurse and Elizabeth Proctor who are the saintliest of people are accused of being witches, something must be wrong. Mary Warren has a difficult decision to make. She has realized that her whole way of life has been based on injustice. However, how can she extricate herself from Abigail and her friends, not to mention her new feelings of confidence. Mary decides to speak out against Abigail and the others for their false accusations and said that she tried to kill me numerous times. Yet as she does this heroic act of overcoming her old reality, Abigail pretends that Mary is also a witch using the poppets against her. Mary is now faced with yet another grueling internal conflict: to do what she knows is right and probably die for it, or to return to her old ways. Mary succumbs to Abigails hypnosis and accuses John Proctor of forcing her to lie. Clearly the battle which Mary faced from the very beginning was enormous. John Proctor a farmer and village commoner similarly is faced with an inner turmoil. He has committed adultery and had absolutely no intentions of joining in the witch trials unless his pregnant wife were to also get involved. After his wife got involved and eventually was set free due to the fact that she was pregnant feels that he can't accept this. Proctor is a good and noble man and because of this he believes at first he can't be hanged and die a martyr when he has this sin blooming over him every waking moment . John later says to Elizabeth that My honesty is broke, Elizabeth; I am no good man. Nothing's spoiled by giving them this lie that were not rotten long before and rather confess then die for something he flat out didn't do. However, as John confesses, he can not allow Danforth to make it officially documented. As Danforth asks him why John answers with a cry because it is my name. Because I cannot have another in my life . . . How may I live without my name? Have given you my soul; leave me my name(. John feels strongly about having a good name and not dying with a bad one. Proctor weighs both sides of his internal conflict and realizes that he must not make another mistake. He therefore, prescribes himself to death, not for his own sake, but rather for the sake of the others. As John dies Liz weeps saying He have his goodness now. God forbid I take it away. Another internal conflict is evident in Reverend Hale who initiates these problems. At first Reverend Hale is sure about his belief that there are witches and feels that he is carrying out the desires of God himself. Yet as the play moves on and Hale sees all these honest and good people being sentenced and executed he too sees an inner conflict. He contemplates whether to do what he is sent to

Reduction of Fire

Reduction of Fire Introduction Fire brigade or fires and rescue services entangle private and public organisations that give fire-fighting services coupled with rescue services from dangers associated with fire. These organisations provide services within a particular jurisdiction area such as county or municipality.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Reduction of Fire-associated Deaths Since 1977 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These areas of jurisdiction are termed as districts of fire protection. Every fire brigade has within its jurisdiction a number of firefighting stations equipped with fire-fighting equipments, volunteer firefighters, and or career firefighters. Other services that are provided by the fire brigade are protection from dangers of fire or inferno prevention services. While administering these services, firefighters visit various homes to offer advice on fire safety precautions, install fire, smoke detection devices , and alarms. In America, amid consideration of fire brigade services as being critical in helping put fire out in the attempt to save property, they are also perceived to be essential in helping save lives of the American population. From this perspective, the purpose of this paper is to present a report on the fire statistics in the U.S besides presenting the roles of fire brigades in the U.S in managing risky situations involving inferno dangers. Fire statistics There are two main situations involving fire that may cause death. These are smoke inhalation and burns produced by fire. In the U.S, according to National fire protection association (2012) â€Å"death certificates show a 2-to-1 ratio of smoke inhalation to burns for fire deaths overall, while fire incident reports show an 8-to-1 ratio for home fire deaths† (Para.1). In total, burns combined with smoke inhalation account for a quarter of all deaths produced by fires. In particular, with regard to National fire pro tection association (2012), in 1999, â€Å"smoke inhalation fire deaths outnumbered burn deaths in fires by roughly 3-to-1 in death certificates† (Para.1). The gap between these two has continued to expand with time. Even though these statistics indicate that smoke inhalation and burns are critical causes of deaths recorded on death certificates in the U.S., it is paramount to report that coding approaches deployed in the deaths certificate in the years preceding 1999 only accommodated one lethal condition.Advertising Looking for report on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This implies that, where a case of death emanating from a combination of smoke inhalation and burns was encountered, it could only be coded as one caused either purely by smoke inhalation or purely by burns. However, after changing the coding approaches, National fire protection association (2012) reports, â€Å"It was now possible to categorise deaths as involving both burns and smoke inhalation, smoke inhalation but not burns, burns but not smoke inhalation, one or more conditions but not smoke inhalation and not burns† (Para.3). The statistics for fire-associated deaths during 1994 to 2007 are shown graphically below in figure 1. Figure 1: shares of fire deaths by smoke inhalation or burns Source: National fire protection association From figure 1, it is clear that, between 1994 and 2007, smoke inhalation and burns have been key contributors to fire associated deaths. Fires brigades have and are still endeavouring to reduce these causes of death through rapid responses should incidences of fire are reported within their areas of jurisdiction. Fatal fire incidences can be divided into three groups: vehicle fires, structure fires, and outside fires or other fires. In this end, vehicle and structure fires stand as the single most dangerous courses of deaths in the U.S.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Reduction of Fire-associated Deaths Since 1977 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Precisely, according to Michael and Karter (2011), the â€Å"U.S. fire departments responded to an estimated 1,331,500 fires resulting to 3,120 civilian fire fatalities, 17,720 civilian fire injuries, and an estimated $11,593,000,000 in direct property loss† (p. i). Of all these losses, structure fires accounted for 36 percent of the total deaths whereas vehicle fires took a critical share of 16 percent while other fires took the lion’s share of 48 percent. Nevertheless, since 1977, the fire brigades in the U.S have played incredible roles in ensuring that the general trend of fire-associated deaths reduces. This trend is shown in figure 2 below. From the line graph, it can be seen that although the trend in reduction of the fire deaths never follows an exponential decay curve to imply that, at some time in the future, almost zero fire-associated deaths would be recorded. The rate of reduction is substantive. This reduction may be associated with the improvement of medical aid and better medical care for bodily injuries associated with fires since 1977 when the first data was available. Nevertheless, it could be impossible to avail the victims of fire to the healthcare facilities for the medical attention services to be offered if the fire brigades did not respond both speedy and with efficiency. The factors that may contribute to this improved efficiency are the concern of the next section of this report. Source: EvartsAdvertising Looking for report on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Factors contributing to development of the capacity of fire brigades to respond to fires rapidly The firefighting task has undergone substantial positive development, which may be argued as being the chief contributor to the continuous reduction of deaths associated with fires’ smoke and burns since 1977. These developments are evidenced by both the deployment of new approaches in management of the fire brigades by organisations and the deployment of new technological interventions in fire detection and control by the brigades. The detection and control gadgets include infrared detectors and structure-installed fire extinguishers. Infrared detectors are installed in buildings to detect smoke. Once excited, the detector switches on a fire alert alarm, which promotes either automatic operation of the in-house fire extinguishers or raises the attention of the structures’ occupants to move strategically to locations of the extinguishers in the attempt to enhance preparedne ss to control the fire. Other contributors of enhanced fire control are the deployment of technology to enhance fire control logistics. In addition, it is important to report that, in the new measures to deal with deaths associated with fires, the task of fire control is principally not left to the career personnel specialising in this discipline. Rather, community is involved in the process. The concept of retained firefighting is one of the best examples of the new approaches in enhancing both fire dangers preparedness and control should fires occur. In this context, Fire and Rescue NSW (2011) reckons, â€Å"becoming a retained firefighter for Fire and Rescue NSW will give you the chance to make a real and worthwhile contribution to the community in which you live† (Para. 1). This implies that people who become retained firefighters are accorded a chance to interact besides offering an aid to various people. The fact that, in the retained firefighting, people are not left o ut on the accounts of being employed elsewhere implies that the concept is central to the concerns of incorporation of the entire community in managing and helping to control fires. This argument is amplified by the fact that, when one enrolls as retained firefighter, he or she has the flexibility of time since he or she may either work on ‘on call’, fulltime, or even on part time basis. Arguably, therefore, the main concern of encouraging people to join fire brigades as retained firefighters rests on the idea of ensuring that numerous people in the community acquire firefighting and prevention skills. This assumption holds weight especially upon considering that retained firefighters are charged with a number of things. These include â€Å"extinguishing fires, engaging in community education, fire prevention activities and taking effective action at rescue and hazardous material incidents and assisting other emergency services as required† (Fire and Rescue NSW 2 011, Para. 2). Central to prevention of fire strategies rests the fires and safety standards. According to Fire Safety Advice Centre (2012), these include â€Å"codes of practice, and other guidance to support fire legislation standards, which offer information about the main fire safety legislation and documents, as well as hopefully helpful general fire safety advice† (Para.2). Creating massive awareness of these safety legislations can reduce the incidences of fire-associated deaths in an amicable way. This can be enlaced through encouragement of people to join retention firefighting on voluntary basis. Conclusion and recommendations This paper reports an immense success in the reduction of fire-associated deaths since 1977 when the first data on such deaths was available. This has been done through consideration of both statistics and trends in the number of deaths related to fire as recorded in death certificates as either smoke inhalation or burns. Adoption of technolog y and new concepts of fire prevention and control such as retention firefighting is recommended by the report as a subtle way of continuing the trend of reduction in the number of deaths associated with fires. References Evarts B. 2011, Trends and patterns of U.S fire losses. Web. Fire and Rescue NSW 2011, Retained firefighters. Web. Fire Safety Advice Centre 2012, The Fire Safety Advice Centre. Web. Michael, J. Karter, J. 2011, Fire losses in the United States during 2010. Web. National Fire protection association 2012, fatal effects of fire. Web.

Julius Caesars Rise to Power in the Roman Republic

Julius Caesars Rise to Power in the Roman Republic By the time of the First Triumvirate, the republican form of government in Rome was already on its way to monarchy. Before you get to the three men involved in the triumvirate, you need to know about some of the events and people that led to it: During the era of the late Republic, Rome suffered through a reign of terror. Terrors tool was a new one, the proscription list, by which large numbers of important, wealthy people, and often senators, were killed; their property, confiscated. Sulla, Roman dictator at the time, instigated this carnage: Sulla now busied himself with slaughter, and murders without number or limit filled the city. Many, too, were killed to gratify private hatreds, although they had no relations with Sulla, but he gave his consent in order to gratify his adherents. At last one of the younger men, Caius Metellus, made bold to ask Sulla in the senate what end there was to be of these evils, and how far he would proceed before they might expect such doings to cease. We do not ask thee, he said, to free from punishment those whom thou hast determined to slay, but to free from suspense those whom thou hast determined to save.Although when we think of dictators we think of men and women who want enduring power, a Roman dictator was: A legal officialDuly nominated by the SenateTo handle a major problem,With a fixed, limited term. Sulla had been dictator for longer than the normal period, so what his plans were, as far as hanging onto the office of dictator went, were unknown. It was a surprise when he resigned from the position of a Roman dictator in 79 B.C. Sulla died a year later. The confidence which he reposed in his good genius... emboldened him... and though he had been the author of such great changes and revolutions of State, to lay down his authority....Sullas reign drained the Senate of power. The damage had been done to the republican system of government. Violence and uncertainty allowed a new political alliance to arise. Beginning of the Triumvirate Between the death of Sulla and the beginning of the 1st Triumvirate in 59 B.C., 2 of the wealthiest and most powerful remaining Romans, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (106-48 B.C.) and Marcus Licinius Crassus (112-53 B.C.), grew increasingly hostile to each other. This wasnt simply a private concern since each man was backed by factions and soldiers. To avert civil war, Julius Caesar, whose reputation was growing because of his military successes, suggested a 3-way partnership. This unofficial alliance is known to us as the 1st triumvirate, but at the time was referred to as an amicitia friendship or factio (whence, our faction). They divvied up the Roman provinces to suit themselves. Crassus, the capable financier, would receive Syria; Pompey, the renowned general, Spain; Caesar, who would soon show himself to be a skilled politician as well as a military leader, Cisalpine and Transalpine Gaul and Illyricum. Caesar and Pompey helped cement their relationship by Pompeys marriage to Caesars daughter Julia. End of the Triumvirate Julia, the wife of Pompey and daughter of Julius Caesar, died in 54, passively breaking the personal alliance between Caesar and Pompey. (Erich Gruen, author of The Last Generation of the Roman Republic argues against the significance of the death of Caesars daughter and many other accepted details of Caesars relations with the Senate.) The triumvirate further degenerated in 53 B.C., when a Parthian army attacked the Roman army at the Carrhae and killed Crassus. Meanwhile, Caesars power grew while in Gaul. Laws were altered to suit his needs. Some senators, notably Cato and Cicero, were alarmed by the weakening legal fabric. Rome had once created the office of tribune to give the plebeians power against the patricians. Among other powers, the tribunes person was sacrosanct (they couldnt be harmed physically) and he could impose a veto on anyone, including his fellow tribune. Caesar had both tribunes on his side when some members of the senate accused him of treason. The tribunes imposed their vetoes. But then the senate majority ignored the vetoes and roughed up the tribunes. They ordered Caesar, now charged with treason, to return to Rome, but without his army. Julius Caesar returned to Rome with his army. Regardless of the legitimacy of the original treason charge, the tribunes had vetoed, and the disregard for the law involved in violating the tribunes sacrosanctity, the moment Caesar stepped across the Rubicon river, he had, in legal fact, committed treason. Caesar could either be convicted of treason or fight the Roman forces sent to meet him, which Caesars former co-leader, Pompey, led. Pompey had the initial advantage, but even so, Julius Caesar won at Pharsalus in 48 B.C. After his defeat, Pompey fled, first to Mytilene, and then to Egypt, where he expected safety, but instead met his own death. Julius Caesar Rules Alone Caesar next spent a few years in Egypt and Asia before returning to Rome, where he began a platform of reform. Julius Caesar granted citizenship to many colonials, thus widening his base of support.Caesar granted pay to Proconsuls to remove corruption and gain allegiance from them.Caesar established a network of spies.Caesar instituted a policy of land reform designed to take power away from the wealthy.Caesar reduced the powers of the Senate so as to make it an advisory council only. At the same time, Julius Caesar was appointed dictator for life (in perpetuity) and assumed the title of imperator, general (a title given ​to a victorious general by his soldiers), and pater patriae father of his country, a title Cicero had received for suppressing the Catilinarian Conspiracy. Although Rome had long abhorred a monarchy, the title of rex king was offered him. When the autocratic Caesar rejected it at the Lupercalia, there were grave doubts about his sincerity. People may have feared he would soon become king. Caesar even dared to put his likeness on coins, a place suitable for the image of a god. In an effort to save the Republic although some think there were more personal reasons 60 of the senators conspired to murder him. On the Ides of March, in 44 B.C., the senators stabbed Gaius Julius Caesar 60 times, beside a statue of his former co-leader Pompey. Sources (www.herodotuswebsite.co.uk/roman/essays/1stTriumvirate.htm) How and why did the so-called First Triumvirate come into being? Suzanne Cross: [web.mac.com/heraklia/Caesar/gaul_to_rubicon/index.html]Gaul to the Rubicon The Rise of Julius Caesar www.republic.k12.mo.us/highschool/teachers/tstephen/ 07/13/98

Experiences and Benefits of Profound Experiential Education Essay

Experiences and Benefits of Profound Experiential Education - Essay Example The paper tells that when personal well-being is on the line people tend to lay differences aside to cooperate. At the accomplishment of a particular task, some would revert to introverted behavior while others would revel in the victory. Nevertheless, the threat of discomfort as caused by natural consequences is one good motivator to help people who are not such team players get into the habit of becoming an integral part of a group effort. We learned how to communicate effectively. Again, the impetus for the preservation or accusation of creature comforts often motives people who are not so inclined toward effective communication to delve past their own insufficiencies in language and non-verbal behavior. Those who are given to meaningless small talk in daily society find that perpetual commentary on their own thought patterns is radically unnecessary. Those who are given to silence find that in order to negotiate the path of least resistance toward a goal they must speak up from t ime to time. This is the nature of nature. It tends to bring about certain survival behaviors while quelling those that are not so helpful to individual survival. We learned to respect each other's individuality. We differed in origins. We differed in personalities. We differed physically. We differed in knowledge. We differed in skills.